{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:50:53Z","timestamp":1787021453304,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1119","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the gender-specific differences in carotid artery structural and stiffening parameters by radiofrequency ultrasound (RFU) with an automatic arterial stiffness analyzing system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-two consecutive individuals (32 males and 40 females, age range from 36 to 62 years) with no history of significant cardiovascular diseases or carotid artery plaques were enrolled between September and December 2017. Quality intima-media thickness (QIMT) and quality arterial stiffness (QAS) parameters were automatically computed, including pulse wave velocity (PWV), vascular distension, compliance coefficient (CC), distensibility coefficient (DC), stiffness index \u03b1 and \u03b2, augmentation pressure (AP), and augmentation index (AIx). Those parameters were compared between males and females. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the independent association between gender and RFU parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age had no difference between males and females (47.8 \u00b1 3.3 vs 50.0 \u00b1 8.5 years, p = 0.19). Females had higher systolic blood pressure (134.53 \u00b1 9.65 vs 127.78 \u00b1 6.12\u2009mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (85.83 \u00b1 3.94 vs 78.03 \u00b1 5.22\u2009mm Hg), greater carotid QIMT (598.73 \u00b1 72.16 vs 550.84 \u00b1 29.37\u2009\u00b5m), advanced PWV (8.08 \u00b1 1.60 vs 6.24 \u00b1 0.70 m\/s), higher stiffness index \u03b1 (6.21 \u00b1 1.94 vs 3.95 \u00b1 0.78) and \u03b2 (9.43 \u00b1 3.17 vs 6.38 \u00b1 0.78), higher AP (6.68 \u00b1 2.24 vs 3.64 \u00b1 1.22\u2009mm Hg) and AIx (7.42 \u00b1 2.08 vs 4.69 \u00b1 1.26%), all p &amp;lt; 0.001. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated gender was independently associated with carotid structural and elastic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender independently impacts carotid structure and function, with females more vulnerable to the progression of arterial aging. Awareness of the gender differences on the risk stratification of carotid artery disease will benefit reliable assessments and specific management recommendations in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) RFU provides an \u03bcm-unit quality IMT measurement and multiple quality arterial stiffness parameters. (2) Gender is an independent determinant in both the arterial structural and elastic aspects, with females of stiffer arteries in low CVD risk individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T15:27:50Z","timestamp":1611242870000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gender is a determinant of carotid artery stiffness independent of age and blood pressure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050215222455500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.061","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S161711","article-title":"Gender-Related differences in the progression of carotid stiffness with age and in the influence of risk factors on carotid stiffness","volume":"13","author":"\u0141oboz-Rudnicka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2020.106064","article-title":"Measurement of local pulse wave velocity for carotid artery by using an ultrasound-based method","volume":"102","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b6","first-page":"3289","article-title":"Pulse wave imaging of the human carotid artery: an in vivo feasibility study","volume":"59","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-39","article-title":"Evaluation of carotid artery elasticity changes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"2024050215222455500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000365267","article-title":"Gender difference in arterial stiffness in a multicenter cross-sectional study: the Korean arterial aging study (KAAS","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulse"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113","article-title":"Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design","volume":"156","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024050215222455500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000343145","article-title":"Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). 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