{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:34:32Z","timestamp":1782311672186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1129","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To audit whether using magnification of images by use of a large viewing screen using digital matrix magnification which enlarges the image by 33% without using the X-ray machine zoom magnification protocols on a Siemens Artis Zee X-ray machine in a cardiac catheter laboratory results in a reduction of kerma\u2013area product (KAP) for both diagnostic and interventional procedures. This reduction was predicted in an in vitro study in our laboratory, which has previously shown a 20.4% reduction in KAP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted of the radiation exposure to compare the measured KAP recorded during the period when conventional magnification with automatic brightness and dose control was used on a Siemens Artis Zee X-ray machine with a flat panel detector and when magnification settings were avoided by using a large screen to enlarge and project a non-magnified image by digital magnification. The analysis was carried out for patients having a diagnostic coronary angiogram and those having an interventional coronary procedure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For diagnostic coronary angiograms the median KAP per procedure in the period using conventional magnification was 2124.5 \u00b5Gy.m2 compared to 1401 \u00b5Gy.m2 when image matrix magnification was used, a 34% reduction (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). For interventional coronary procedures, the median KAP per procedure in the period using conventional magnification was 3791 \u00b5Gy.m2 compared to 2568.5 \u00b5Gy.m2 when image matrix magnification was used, a 32% reduction (p &amp;lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Avoiding using conventional magnification in the cardiac catheter laboratory and using a large screen to magnify images was associated with a statistically significant greater than 30% reduction in KAP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Advances in knowledge:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper is the proof in clinical practice of a theoretical conclusion that radiation dose (KAP) is reduced by use of Image matrix magnification using a large viewing screen without the need to use X-ray tube magnification without significant loss of image resolution in interventional cardiology. The same approach will be useful in interventional radiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T14:47:56Z","timestamp":1639147676000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The use of digital magnification to reduce radiation dose in the cardiac catheter laboratory"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Dalvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Cardiac Centre , Rhyl , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hywel Mortimer","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Cardiac Centre , Rhyl , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Bellamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Cardiac Centre , Rhyl , 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