{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:23:17Z","timestamp":1774520597895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1135","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The lacrimal gland is a bilobed serous gland located in the superolateral aspect of the orbit. Lacrimal system pathologies can be broadly divided into pathologies of the lacrimal gland and those of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. These include distinct congenital, infectious, inflammatory, and benign, indeterminate, and malignant neoplastic lesions. Trauma and resultant fractures affecting lacrimal drainage apparatus is not part of this review; only non-traumatic diseases will be discussed. CT is the initial modality of choice because of its ability to delineate lacrimal system anatomy and demonstrate most lacrimal drainage system abnormalities and their extent. It also assesses bony architecture and characterizes any osseous changes. MRI is helpful in further characterizing these lesions and better assessing involvement of the surrounding soft tissue structures. In this pictorial review, we will review the anatomy of the lacrimal system, describe CT\/MRI findings of the common and uncommon lacrimal system abnormalities and discuss relevance of imaging with regards to patient management. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20211333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T18:08:17Z","timestamp":1651860497000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The forgotten lacrimal gland and lacrimal drainage apparatus: pictorial review of CT and MRI findings and differential diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaykumar Raghavan","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3077-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raza","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian Y M","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gorelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Chankowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"del Carpio-O'Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21507"},{"key":"b2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Kanski\u2019s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach","author":"Kanski JJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.052"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.284085013"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.02.014"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002663"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9553"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.4.g00jl07907"},{"key":"b9","volume-title":"StatPearls Dacryocystitis. 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