{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:28:23Z","timestamp":1789586903871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1137","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the risk of malignancy in gallbladder polyps of incremental sizes detected during transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched databases including MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for eligible studies recording the polyp size from which gallbladder malignancy developed, confirmed following cholecystectomy, or by subsequent follow-up. Primary outcome was the risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with polyps. Secondary outcome was the effect of polyp size as a prognostic factor for cancer. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Factor Studies (QUIPS) tool. Bayesian meta-analysis estimated the median cancer risk according to polyp size. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020223629).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>82 studies published since 1990 reported primary data for 67,837 patients. 67,774 gallbladder polyps and 889 cancers were reported. The cumulative median cancer risk of a polyp measuring 10\u2009mm or less was 0.60% (99% credible range 0.30\u20131.16%). Substantial heterogeneity existed between studies (I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>= 99.95%, 95% credible interval 99.86\u201399.98%). Risk of bias was generally high and overall confidence in evidence was low. 13 studies (15.6%) were graded with very low certainty, 56 studies (68.3%) with low certainty, and 13 studies (15.6%) with moderate certainty. In studies considered moderate quality, TAUS monitoring detected 4.6 cancers per 10,000 patients with polyps less than 10\u2009mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malignant risk in gallbladder polyps is low, particularly in polyps less than 10\u2009mm, however the data are heterogenous and generally low quality. International guidelines, which have not previously modelled size data, should be informed by these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p>This large systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that the mean cumulative risk of small gallbladder polyps is low, but heterogeneity and missing data in larger polyp sizes (&gt;10\u2009mm) means the risk is uncertain and may be higher than estimated. 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