{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:41:35Z","timestamp":1790721695844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentomaxillofacial Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the dose-area product (DAP) of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations for different scan settings and imaging indications, and to establish institutional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for dose optimisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of the DAP values of 3568 CBCT examinations taken from two different devices at the Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong between 2016 and 2021 was performed. Patient- (age, gender, and imaging indication) and imaging-related (CBCT device, field-of-view (FOV), and voxel size) were correlated with the DAPs. The indication-oriented third-quartile DAP values were compared with DRLs from the UK, Finland, and Switzerland. The obtained third-quartile DAPs lower than the national DRLs and those for which no national DRLs have been proposed were used to establish institutional DRLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the investigated CBCTs, the DAP value for large FOV scans was significantly lower than medium\/small FOVs. CBCTs with a small voxel size exhibited a significantly higher DAP than those with a medium\/large voxel size. CBCTs for endodontic, periodontal, orthodontic, or orthognathic evaluation exhibited a significantly higher DAP than other indications. Twelve indication-oriented institutional DRLs were established and five of them were lower than the national DRLs: third molars (229 mGy\u00d7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), jaw cysts\/tumours (410 mGy\u00d7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), maxillary sinus pathology (520 mGy\u00d7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), developing dentition (164 mGy\u00d7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and periapical lesions (564 mGy\u00d7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBCT examinations for endodontic, periodontal, orthodontic, or orthognathic evaluation may deliver a higher radiation dose to the patient than other imaging tasks. A periodic review of the patient dose from CBCT imaging and establishment of institutional DRLs for specific clinical settings are needed for monitoring patient dose and to optimise indication-oriented scanning protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20200529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T13:05:26Z","timestamp":1646139926000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An analysis of patient dose received during cone-beam computed tomography in relation to scan settings and imaging indications as seen in a dental institution in order to establish institutional diagnostic reference levels"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Kuo Feng","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuling","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy Wai Kan","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhilde","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiu Yan","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58746-5"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841861003705778"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1990.0026"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20036"},{"key":"b6","first-page":"1","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2015.45.4.263"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2561-4"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.11.028"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20130439"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.3435"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch505"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015141520"},{"key":"b14","first-page":"33","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr439"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01038-4"},{"key":"b18","volume-title":"Cone-Beam computed tomography examinations of the head and neck region in Finland: indications and patient radiation dose","author":"Turnbull-Smith S","year":"2016"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190468"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06422-2"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0824-7603"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2014suppl.g1.4"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03315-3"},{"key":"b24","volume-title":"Public Health England (PHE) and Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP[UK]). 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