{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:42:01Z","timestamp":1790847721857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentomaxillofacial Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p> To compare the precision of two cephalometric landmark identification methods, namely a computer-assisted human examination software and an artificial intelligence program, based on South African data. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> This retrospective quantitative cross-sectional analytical study utilized a data set consisting of 409 cephalograms obtained from a South African population. 19 landmarks were identified in each of the 409 cephalograms by the primary researcher using the two programs [(409 cephalograms x 19 landmarks) x 2 methods = 15,542 landmarks)]. Each landmark generated two coordinate values (x, y), making a total of 31,084 landmarks. Euclidean distances between corresponding pairs of observations was calculated. Precision was determined by using the standard deviation and standard error of the mean. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The primary researcher acted as the gold-standard and was calibrated prior to data collection. The inter- and intrareliability tests yielded acceptable results. Variations were present in several landmarks between the two approaches; however, they were statistically insignificant. The computer-assisted examination software was very sensitive to several variables. Several incidental findings were also discovered. Attempts were made to draw valid comparisons and conclusions. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> There was no significant difference between the two programs regarding the precision of landmark detection. The present study provides a basis to: (1) support the use of automatic landmark detection to be within the range of computer-assisted examination software and (2) determine the learning data required to develop AI systems within an African context. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20220362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T10:15:54Z","timestamp":1688984154000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Human examination and artificial intelligence in cephalometric landmark detection\u2014is AI ready to take over?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6954-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvarna","family":"Indermun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Biology, Pathology and Radiology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoayeb","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral Biology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Nyirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Johannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riaan","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20200548"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.6.655"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-14-32"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2015.45.4.213"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33581"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jicdro.jicdro_17_18"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2018.02.002"},{"key":"b8","first-page":"2581","volume":"3","author":"Yaji A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci Dent Sci"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2013.08.007"},{"key":"b10","first-page":"1","volume":"00","author":"Hwang H-W","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2020.20062"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmerr.7.1.61-65"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33581"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2016.1618"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20130059"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.02.004"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/022019-127.1"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/021920-116.1"},{"key":"b22","unstructured":"ISO. 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