{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:31:52Z","timestamp":1791311512233,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Space Structures"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Starting from a rigorous mechanical formulation, a numerical procedure is developed for the form finding of minimal surfaces and pre-stressed membrane structures. The method is based on an iteratively adapted regularisation of the stiffness matrix which gives the method its name: the updated reference strategy. The method can be applied to any finite element discretization of cable and membrane structures subjected to pre-stress as well as lateral pressure or other external loading. It is very robust and reliable as is shown by many illustrative examples. Further analysis states that the well known force density method is the special case of applying the updated reference strategy to cable nets. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1260\/0266351991494759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T23:42:55Z","timestamp":1033515775000},"page":"131-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["A General Finite Element Approach to the form Finding of Tensile Structures by the Updated Reference Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kai-Uwe","family":"Bletzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural Analysis, University of Karlsruhe Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekkehard","family":"Ramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0266351991494759","unstructured":"Otto F., Rasch B., Finding Form, Deutscher, Werkbund Bayern, Edition A. Menges, 1995."},{"key":"bibr2-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Segel, Folien und Membrane","author":"Schock H.-J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr3-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Light structures \u2013 structures of light","author":"Berger H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr4-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Minimal surfaces I and II. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 295\u2013296","author":"Dierkes U.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr5-0266351991494759","first-page":"400","volume-title":"Innovative Large Span Structures (vol. 2): Proc. IASS-CSCS International Congress","author":"Suzuki T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr6-0266351991494759","unstructured":"Otto F. Zugbeanspruchte Konstruktionen, Vols. I and II, Ullstein Verlag, Franfurt, Berlin, 1962, 1966."},{"key":"bibr7-0266351991494759","first-page":"175","volume":"6","author":"Barnes M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Structural Engineering Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr8-0266351991494759","first-page":"165","volume":"37","author":"Lewis W. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the IASS"},{"key":"bibr9-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00532146"},{"key":"bibr10-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(74)90045-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0266351991494759","unstructured":"Linkwitz K., Least squares methods in non-linear form finding and analysis of pre-stressed and hanging nets, in: Non-Linear Analysis and Design for Shell and Spatial Structures: Proc. SEIKEN-IASS Symposium, Tokio, 1993, 601\u2013610."},{"key":"bibr12-0266351991494759","volume-title":"PhD Thesis","author":"Singer P.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr13-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(97)00108-9"},{"key":"bibr14-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Finite element analysis of nonlinear membrane structures","author":"Haug E.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr15-0266351991494759","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Tension and space structures (vol.2): Proc. 1971 IASS Pacific Symposium","author":"Haug E.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr16-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(82)90080-9"},{"key":"bibr17-0266351991494759","first-page":"563","volume-title":"Proc. 1st World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization","author":"Bletzinger K.-U.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr18-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Proc. IASS International Colloquium, August 15\u201317","author":"Bletzinger K.-U.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr19-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1996-3994"},{"key":"bibr20-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61257-2"},{"key":"bibr21-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Differentialgeometrie","author":"Kreyszig E.","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr22-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Tension Structures","author":"Leonard J. W.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr23-0266351991494759","first-page":"63","volume-title":"recent advances in non-linear computational mechanis","author":"Ramm E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr24-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-0521(94)90038-8"},{"key":"bibr25-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Zur Behandlung von Stabilit\u00e4tsproblemen der Elastostatik mit der Methode der finiten Elemente, Habilitationsschrift, Bericht-Nr. F 91\/1","author":"Wagner W.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr26-0266351991494759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620300110"},{"key":"bibr27-0266351991494759","volume-title":"PhD. Thesis","author":"Schweizerhof K.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr28-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Diploma Thesis","author":"Wahl C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr29-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Diploma Thesis","author":"Krapf A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr30-0266351991494759","volume-title":"Diploma Thesis","author":"Seebacher F.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Space Structures"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1260\/0266351991494759","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1260\/0266351991494759","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:26:40Z","timestamp":1741627600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1260\/0266351991494759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1260\/0266351991494759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/0266351991494759","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-0599","2059-8033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-0599","type":"print"},{"value":"2059-8033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}