{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:44:28Z","timestamp":1790995468143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Japanese Society of Animal Reproduction","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22HP2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22HP2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Reprod. Dev.","Journal of Reproduction and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2025-141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T22:09:41Z","timestamp":1771884581000},"page":"39-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current status and advances in bovine semen production technologies for artificial insemination in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1262","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Yousuke","family":"NANIWA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Reproduction, Maebashi Institute of Animal Science, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan, Inc., Gunma 371-0121, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"KINUKAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Reproduction, Maebashi Institute of Animal Science, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan, Inc., Gunma 371-0121, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"UCHIYAMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Reproduction, Maebashi Institute of Animal Science, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan, Inc., Gunma 371-0121, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"349","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1.  National Livestock Breeding Center. Statistics on reported information [Title translated by the authors; in Japanese]. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https:\/\/www.id.nlbc.go.jp\/data\/toukei.html."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.  Foraker BA, Frink JL, Woerner DR. Invited review: a carcass and meat perspective of crossbred beef \u00d7 dairy cattle. <i>Transl Anim Sci<\/i> 2022; 6: txac027.","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac027"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.  Berry DP. Invited review: Beef-on-dairy-The generation of crossbred beef \u00d7 dairy cattle. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2021; 104: 3789\u20133819.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19519"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4.  Artificial Insemination Association of Japan. Breeding status of Japanese Black cattle for dairy cattle (Flash report) [Title translated by the authors; in Japanese]. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https:\/\/aiaj.lin.gr.jp\/3\/nenji-kuro.html."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.  Hagiya K. Development of genetic evaluation for milk production traits of Holsteins in Japan. <i>Anim Sci J<\/i> 2019; 90: 457\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13190"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6.  Iwaisaki H. Advances in genetic evaluation in breeding improvement of Japanese Black cattle - Phenotypic assessment, BLUP method, genomic evaluation - [title translated by the authors; in Japanese]. <i>Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho<\/i> 2025; 96: 49\u201351."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7.  Naniwa Y, Sakamoto Y, Toda S, Uchiyama K. Bovine sperm sex-selection technology in Japan. <i>Reprod Med Biol<\/i> 2018; 18: 17\u201326.","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12235"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.  Lonergan P. Review: Historical and futuristic developments in bovine semen technology. <i>Animal<\/i> 2018; 12(s1): s4\u2013s18.","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111800071X"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9.  Moore SG, Hasler JF. A 100-Year Review: Reproductive technologies in dairy science. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2017; 100: 10314\u201310331.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13138"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10.  Ombelet W, Van Robays J. Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones. <i>Facts Views Vis ObGyn<\/i> 2015; 7: 137\u2013143."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11.  Nishikawa M. Fifty years of artificial insemination of farm animals in Japan [in Japanese]. <i>Nippon Juishikai Zasshi<\/i> 1963; 16: 161\u2013167."},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12.  Niwa T, Monji Y. Principles of Artificial Insemination in Livestock [Title translated by the authors; in Japanese]. Soubun; 1985: 197."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13.  Polge C. Functional survival of fowl spermatozoa after freezing at -79 degrees C. <i>Nature<\/i> 1951; 167: 949\u2013950.","DOI":"10.1038\/167949b0"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14.  Polge C, Smith AU, Parkes AS. Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. <i>Nature<\/i> 1949; 164: 666.","DOI":"10.1038\/164666a0"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15.  Polge C. Fertilizing capacity of bull spermatozoa after freezing at 79 degrees C. <i>Nature<\/i> 1952; 169: 626\u2013627.","DOI":"10.1038\/169626b0"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"16.  Smith A, Polge C. Storage of bull spermatozoa at low temperatures. <i>Vet Rec<\/i> 1950; 62: 115\u2013116."},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.  Nishikawa Y, Nagase H. Studies on the long-term-storage of bull sperm below zero temperature. <i>The Jpn J Anim Reprod<\/i> 1955; 1: 17\u201318.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd1955.1.17"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18.  Artificial Insemination Association of Japan. Historical Development of Artificial Insemination in Livestock. Artificial Insemination Association of Japan, Inc.; 1987: 613."},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19.  Kariya T. History and overview of reproductive biotechnology in Japan [title translated by authors; in Japanese]. <i>The West Japan Journal of Animal Science<\/i> 2005; 48: 5\u20139."},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20.  Sathe S. Cryopreservation of semen, second edition. <i>In:<\/i> Hopper RM (ed.), Bovine Reproduction. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2021: 986\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119602484.ch78"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21.  Brito L, Beckman B, Cardwell B, DeJarnette J, Hutchens L, Kaya A, Krieger K, Lenz R, Mitchell J, Siddiqui M. NAAB-CSS semen quality control program minimum guidelines. Technical Conference on Artificial Insemination and Reproduction. Milwaukee, USA: National Association of Animal Breeders; 2012. 37-41."},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22.  Hamano S, Nagano M, Takahashi Y, Dochi O, Hirata T. Livestock artificial insemination technology [title translated by authors; in Japanese]. <i>In:<\/i> Iwata H, Kawarasaki T, Takahashi Y, Dochi O, Hamano S, Hirata T, Yoshioka K (eds.), Textbook for a Course for Artificial Insemination on Livestock [title translated by authors; in Japanese]. Tokyo, Japan: Artificial Insemination Association of Japan, Inc.; 2023: 281\u2013332."},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23.  Pickett BW, Berndtson WE. Preservation of bovine spermatozoa by freezing in straws: a review. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1974; 57: 1287\u20131308.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(74)85058-7"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24.  Lucy MC, Pohler KG. North American perspectives for cattle production and reproduction for the next 20 years. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2025; 232: 109\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.11.006"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25.  Walsh SW, Williams EJ, Evans AC. A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2011; 123: 127\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.12.001"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26.  Lucy MC. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2001; 84: 1277\u20131293.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70158-0"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27.  Livestock Improvement Association of Japan. Conception rate survey report, 2023 [in Japanese]. Tokyo, Japan; 2024."},{"key":"28","unstructured":"28.  Artificial Insemination Association of Japan. Nationwide conception rate survey [Title translated by authors; in Japanese]. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https:\/\/aiaj.lin.gr.jp\/3\/tyosa.html."},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29.  Livestock Improvement Association of Japan. Dairy herd performance test results report [in Japanese]. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https:\/\/liaj.lin.gr.jp\/cowexam\/gyuken_jitumu\/gyuken_materials."},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30.  Dochi O, Kabeya S, Koyama H. Factors affecting reproductive performance in high milk-producing Holstein cows. <i>J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2010; 56(Suppl): S61\u2013S65.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.1056S61"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31.  Sasaki Y, Kaneda S, Minamino T, Honkawa K, Horii Y. Effects of parity, calving season, and previous lactation\u2019s milk yield on fertility of dairy cows on a commercial farm. <i>Anim Sci J<\/i> 2024; 95: e13998.","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13998"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32.  Bernabucci U, Biffani S, Buggiotti L, Vitali A, Lacetera N, Nardone A. The effects of heat stress in Italian Holstein dairy cattle. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2014; 97: 471\u2013486.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6611"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33.  Ishida S, Nishiura A, Yamazaki T, Abe H, Nakagawa S, Nakahori Y, Yamaguchi S, Masuda Y, Saito Y, Tatebayashi R, Osawa T, Huang C-H, Hagiya K. Effects of heat stress on predicted energy balance, fat-to-protein ratio, and milk \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate in first-lactation Holstein cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. <i>Anim Sci J<\/i> 2024; 95: e70013.","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.70013"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34.  Kawahara T, Gotoh Y, Masuda Y, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki M. Influences of genetic and environmental factors on cow conception rate of Holsteins in Japan using longitudinal binary data. <i>Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho<\/i> 2010; 81: 121\u2013132.","DOI":"10.2508\/chikusan.81.121"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35.  Kinukawa M, Ito M, Uemoto Y, Ogino A, Haruta S, Kurogi K, Watanabe T, Sasaki S, Naniwa Y, Uchiyama K, Togashi K. A potent allele marker related to low bull conception rate in Japanese Black bulls. <i>Animal<\/i> 2023; 17: 100804.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100804"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36.  Takeda K, Uchiyama K, Kinukawa M, Tagami T, Kaneda M, Watanabe S. Evaluation of sperm DNA damage in bulls by TUNEL assay as a parameter of semen quality. <i>J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2015; 61: 185\u2013190.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2014-140"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37.  Kinukawa M, Uchiyama K. Sperm inspection method and device. <i>In:<\/i> Office USPaT (ed.), US Patent Publication. 2020."},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38.  Sasaki S, Haga Y, Wakaguri H, Abe K, Suzuki Y. De novo genome assembly of Japanese Black cattle as model of an economically relevant animal. <i>Methods Mol Biol<\/i> 2023; 2632: 41\u201355.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2996-3_4"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39.  Harayama H, Minami K, Kishida K, Noda T. Protein biomarkers for male artificial insemination subfertility in bovine spermatozoa. <i>Reprod Med Biol<\/i> 2017; 16: 89\u201398.","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12021"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40.  Kishida K, Sakase M, Minami K, Arai MM, Syoji R, Kohama N, Akiyama T, Oka A, Harayama H, Fukushima M. Effects of acrosomal conditions of frozen-thawed spermatozoa on the results of artificial insemination in Japanese Black cattle. <i>J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2015; 61: 519\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2015-073"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41.  Murase T, El-Kon I, Harayama H, Mukoujima K, Takasu M, Sakai K. Hyperactivated motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa from fertile and subfertile Japanese black bulls induced by cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-monophosphate analogue, cBiMPS. <i>J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2010; 56: 36\u201340.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.09-082N"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42.  Takeda K, Kobayashi E, Ogata K, Imai A, Sato S, Adachi H, Hoshino Y, Nishino K, Inoue M, Kaneda M, Watanabe S. Differentially methylated CpG sites related to fertility in Japanese Black bull spermatozoa: epigenetic biomarker candidates to predict sire conception rate. <i>J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2021; 67: 99\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2020-137"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43.  Hiltpold M, Niu G, Kadri NK, Crysnanto D, Fang ZH, Spengeler M, Schmitz-Hsu F, Fuerst C, Schwarzenbacher H, Seefried FR, Seehusen F, Witschi U, Schnieke A, Fries R, Bollwein H, Flisikowski K, Pausch H. Activation of cryptic splicing in bovine WDR19 is associated with reduced semen quality and male fertility. <i>PLoS Genet<\/i> 2020; 16: e1008804.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008804"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44.  Mapel XM, Hiltpold M, Kadri NK, Witschi U, Pausch H. Bull fertility and semen quality are not correlated with dairy and production traits in Brown Swiss cattle. <i>JDS Commun<\/i> 2022; 3: 120\u2013125.","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2021-0164"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45.  Pausch H, Mapel XM. Review: Genetic mutations affecting bull fertility. <i>Animal<\/i> 2023; 17(Suppl 1): 100742.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100742"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46.  Mapel XM, Kadri NK, Leonard AS, He Q, Lloret-Villas A, Bhati M, Hiltpold M, Pausch H. Molecular quantitative trait loci in reproductive tissues impact male fertility in cattle. <i>Nat Commun<\/i> 2024; 15: 674.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44935-7"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47.  Layek SS, Mohanty TK, Kumaresan A, Parks JE. Cryopreservation of bull semen: Evolution from egg yolk based to soybean based extenders. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2016; 172: 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.04.013"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48.  Sharafi M, Borghei-Rad SM, Hezavehei M, Shahverdi A, Benson JD. Cryopreservation of semen in domestic animals: a review of current challenges, applications, and prospective strategies. <i>Animals (Basel)<\/i> 2022; 12: 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233271"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49.  Vishwanath R, Shannon P. Storage of bovine semen in liquid and frozen state. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2000; 62: 23\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00153-6"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50.  Y\u00e1nez-Ortiz I, Catal\u00e1n J, Rodr\u00edguez-Gil JE, Mir\u00f3 J, Yeste M. Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: Cattle, horse, pig and sheep. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2022; 246: 106904.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106904"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51.  Bustani GS, Baiee FH. Semen extenders: An evaluative overview of preservative mechanisms of semen and semen extenders. <i>Vet World<\/i> 2021; 14: 1220\u20131233.","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.1220-1233"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52.  Mazur P, Leibo SP, Chu EH. A two-factor hypothesis of freezing injury. Evidence from Chinese hamster tissue-culture cells. <i>Exp Cell Res<\/i> 1972; 71: 345\u2013355.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(72)90303-5"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"53.  Mazur P. Causes of injury in frozen and thawed cells. <i>Fed Proc<\/i> 1965; 24: S175\u2013S182."},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54.  Mazur P. Kinetics of water loss from cells at subzero temperatures and the likelihood of intracellular freezing. <i>J Gen Physiol<\/i> 1963; 47: 347\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.47.2.347"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55.  Morris GJ, Faszer K, Green JE, Draper D, Grout BW, Fonseca F. Rapidly cooled horse spermatozoa: loss of viability is due to osmotic imbalance during thawing, not intracellular ice formation. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2007; 68: 804\u2013812.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.06.009"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56.  Morris GJ. Rapidly cooled human sperm: no evidence of intracellular ice formation. <i>Hum Reprod<\/i> 2006; 21: 2075\u20132083.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del116"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57.  Gao D, Critser JK. Mechanisms of cryoinjury in living cells. <i>ILAR J<\/i> 2000; 41: 187\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.41.4.187"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58.  Hai E, Li B, Zhang J, Zhang J. Sperm freezing damage: the role of regulated cell death. <i>Cell Death Discov<\/i> 2024; 10: 239.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02013-3"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59.  Castro M, Leal K, Pezo F, Contreras MJ. Sperm membrane: Molecular implications and strategies for cryopreservation in productive species. <i>Animals (Basel)<\/i> 2025; 15: 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121808"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60.  Watson PF. The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2000; 60-61: 481\u2013492.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00099-3"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61.  Hungerford A, Bakos HW, Aitken RJ. Sperm cryopreservation: current status and future developments. <i>Reprod Fertil Dev<\/i> 2023; 35: 265\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1071\/RD22219"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62.  Blackshaw AW. The prevention of temperature shock of bull and ram semen. <i>Aust J Biol Sci<\/i> 1954; 7: 573\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9540573"},{"key":"63","unstructured":"63.  VanDemark N, Miller W, Kinney W Jr, Rodriguez C, Friedman M. The Preservation of Bull Semen at Sub-zero Temperatures. Project Gutenberg; 1957: 39."},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64.  Juyena NS, Stelletta C. Seminal plasma: an essential attribute to spermatozoa. <i>J Androl<\/i> 2012; 33: 536\u2013551.","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012583"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65.  Wang H, McGoldrick LL, Chung JJ. Sperm ion channels and transporters in male fertility and infertility. <i>Nat Rev Urol<\/i> 2021; 18: 46\u201366.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-00390-9"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66.  Jimenez T, S\u00e1nchez G, Wertheimer E, Blanco G. Activity of the Na,K-ATPase \u03b14 isoform is important for membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+, and pH to maintain motility in rat spermatozoa. <i>Reproduction<\/i> 2010; 139: 835\u2013845.","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-09-0495"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67.  Yeung CH, Barfield JP, Cooper TG. Chloride channels in physiological volume regulation of human spermatozoa. <i>Biol Reprod<\/i> 2005; 73: 1057\u20131063.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044123"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68.  Yeung CH, Barfield JP, Cooper TG. Physiological volume regulation by spermatozoa. <i>Mol Cell Endocrinol<\/i> 2006; 250: 98\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.12.030"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69.  Santi CM, Orta G, Salkoff L, Visconti PE, Darszon A, Trevi\u00f1o CL. K+ and Cl- channels and transporters in sperm function. <i>Curr Top Dev Biol<\/i> 2013; 102: 385\u2013421.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416024-8.00014-3"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70.  Chauhan DS, Swain DK, Shah N, Yadav HP, Sharma A, Yadav B, Yadav S, Nigam R, Garg SK. Modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels induces capacitation in bull spermatozoa through phosphorylation of tyrosine containing proteins. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2018; 108: 207\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.11.024"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71.  Ozimic S, Ban-Frangez H, Stimpfel M. Sperm cryopreservation today: Approaches, efficiency, and pitfalls. <i>Curr Issues Mol Biol<\/i> 2023; 45: 4716\u20134734.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45060300"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72.  Guthrie HD, Liu J, Critser JK. Osmotic tolerance limits and effects of cryoprotectants on motility of bovine spermatozoa. <i>Biol Reprod<\/i> 2002; 67: 1811\u20131816.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.6.1811"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73.  Sundararaman MN, Kalatharan J, Jawahar KTP. Computer assisted semen analysis for quantification of motion characteristics of bull sperm during cryopreservation cycle. <i>Vet World<\/i> 2012; 5: 723\u2013726.","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.723-726"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74.  Mofadel HA, Hussein HA, Abd-Elhafee HH, El-Sherry TM. Impact of various cryo-preservation steps on sperm rheotaxis and sperm kinematics in bull. <i>Sci Rep<\/i> 2024; 14: 11403.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61617-y"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75.  Hyakutake T, Suzuki H, Yamamoto S. Effect of non-Newtonian fluid properties on bovine sperm motility. <i>J Biomech<\/i> 2015; 48: 2941\u20132947.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.08.005"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76.  Squires EL, Keith SL, Graham JK. Evaluation of alternative cryoprotectants for preserving stallion spermatozoa. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2004; 62: 1056\u20131065.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.12.024"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77.  McLaughlin EA, Ford WC, Hull MG. The contribution of the toxicity of a glycerol-egg yolk-citrate cryopreservative to the decline in human sperm motility during cryopreservation. <i>J Reprod Fertil<\/i> 1992; 95: 749\u2013754.","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0950749"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78.  Foote RH, Brockett CC, Kaproth MT. Motility and fertility of bull sperm in whole milk extender containing antioxidants. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2002; 71: 13\u201323.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00018-0"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79.  van Wagtendonk-de Leeuw AM, Haring RM, Kaal-Lansbergen LM, den Daas JH. Fertility results using bovine semen cryopreserved with extenders based on egg yolk and soy bean extract. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2000; 54: 57\u201367.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00324-1"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80.  Naniwa Y, Uchiyama K. Sex selection techniques and their implications. <i>Perspect Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour<\/i> 2021; 16: 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR202116019"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"81.  Garner DL, Gledhill BL, Pinkel D, Lake S, Stephenson D, Van Dilla MA, Johnson LA. Quantification of the X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa of domestic animals by flow cytometry. <i>Biol Reprod<\/i> 1983; 28: 312\u2013321.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod28.2.312"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82.  Seidel GE Jr, Garner DL. Current status of sexing mammalian spermatozoa. <i>Reproduction<\/i> 2002; 124: 733\u2013743.","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240733"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83.  Garner DL. Flow cytometric sexing of mammalian sperm. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2006; 65: 943\u2013957.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.09.009"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84.  Rens W, Welch GR, Johnson LA. A novel nozzle for more efficient sperm orientation to improve sorting efficiency of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm. <i>Cytometry<\/i> 1998; 33: 476\u2013481.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19981201)33:4<476::AID-CYTO12>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85.  van den Engh G, Stokdijk W. Parallel processing data acquisition system for multilaser flow cytometry and cell sorting. <i>Cytometry<\/i> 1989; 10: 282\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990100307"},{"key":"86","unstructured":"86.  Gurnsey MP, Johnson LA. Recent improvements in flow cytometric sorting efficiency of X and Y-chromosome bearing sperm of domestic animals: a review. <i>Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod<\/i> 1998; 58: 16\u201318."},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87.  Schenk JL, Cran DG, Everett RW, Seidel GE Jr. Pregnancy rates in heifers and cows with cryopreserved sexed sperm: effects of sperm numbers per inseminate, sorting pressure and sperm storage before sorting. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2009; 71: 717\u2013728.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.08.016"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88.  Vishwanath R, Moreno JF. Review: Semen sexing - current state of the art with emphasis on bovine species. <i>Animal<\/i> 2018; 12(s1): s85\u2013s96.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000496"},{"key":"89","unstructured":"89.  Irish Cattle Breeding Federation. Pregnancy rates for sexed semen continue to improve. 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https:\/\/www.icbf.com\/sexed-semen-2\/."},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90.  Santos VG, Carvalho PD, Souza AH, Priskas S, Castro JAL, Pereira AMF, Ross PJ, Moreno J, Wiltbank MC, Fricke PM. Effect of timing of artificial insemination with conventional or sex-sorted semen on fertility of lactating dairy cows. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2025; 108: 8945\u20138958.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26428"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"91.  Crites BR, Vishwanath R, Arnett AM, Bridges PJ, Burris WR, McLeod KR, Anderson LH. Conception risk of beef cattle after fixed-time artificial insemination using either SexedUltra\u2122 4M sex-sorted semen or conventional semen. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2018; 118: 126\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.003"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"92.  Maicas C, Holden SA, Drake E, Cromie AR, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Fertility of frozen sex-sorted sperm at 4 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> sperm per dose in lactating dairy cows in seasonal-calving pasture-based herds. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2020; 103: 929\u2013939.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17131"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"93.  Kobayashi S. The role of dairy farming and sustainable development. <i>Journal of rural planning association<\/i> 2019; 38: 99\u2013103<i><\/i>(in Japanese).","DOI":"10.2750\/arp.38.99"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"94.  Kamata Y. Expansion of scale, labor restriction, and a change in the shadow price of labor in dairy farming (in Japanese). <i>Nourin Gyogyo Mondai Kenkyu<\/i> 2011; 47: 198\u2013203.","DOI":"10.7310\/arfe.47.198"},{"key":"95","unstructured":"95.  MacDonald JM, Law J, Mosheim R. Consolidation in U.S. dairy farming. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2020."},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"96.  Vishwanath R, Shannon P. Do sperm cells age? A review of the physiological changes in sperm during storage at ambient temperature. <i>Reprod Fertil Dev<\/i> 1997; 9: 321\u2013331.","DOI":"10.1071\/R96088"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"97.  Yang DH, Standley NT, Xu ZZ. Application of liquid semen technology under the seasonal dairy production system in New Zealand. <i>Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2018; 194: 2\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.01.004"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"98.  Murphy EM, O\u2019 Meara C, Eivers B, Lonergan P, Fair S. Optimizing storage temperature of liquid bovine semen diluted in INRA96. <i>J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2018; 101: 5549\u20135558.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14205"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99.  Murphy EM, Eivers B, O\u2019Meara CM, Lonergan P, Fair S. Effect of storage temperature, nitrogen gassing and sperm concentration on the in vitro semen quality and in vivo fertility of liquid bull semen stored in INRA96. <i>Theriogenology<\/i> 2018; 108: 223\u2013228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.12.012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproduction and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jrd\/72\/2\/72_2025-141\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:09:04Z","timestamp":1776485344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jrd\/72\/2\/72_2025-141\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1262\/jrd.2025-141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-8818","1348-4400"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0916-8818","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-4400","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"2025-141"}}