{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:38Z","timestamp":1785560318365,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Japanese Society of Animal Reproduction","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012359","name":"Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22HP2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22HP2009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Reprod. Dev.","Journal of Reproduction and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2026-033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T22:09:24Z","timestamp":1780783764000},"page":"581-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing lifetime productivity in high-producing dairy cows: challenges in the management of age at first calving, double ovulation, and postpartum uterine health"],"prefix":"10.1262","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"KUSAKA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Theriogenology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"349","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. United States Department of Agriculture Milk Production. Washington, DC: National Agricultural Statistics Service. https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/ (accessed January 24, 2026)."},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Program 2023. https:\/\/liaj.lin.gr.jp\/cowexam\/cownew\/dairy-cow-capability-test (accessed January 24, 2026) (In Japanese)."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Hoffman PC. Optimum body size of Holstein replacement heifers. J Anim Sci<\/i> 1997; 75: 836\u2013845.","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.753836x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Van Amburgh ME, Soberon F, Meyer MJ, Molano RA. Symposium review: Integration of postweaning nutrient requirements and supply with composition of growth and mammary development in modern dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2019; 102: 3692\u20133705.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15270"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Cooke JS, Cheng Z, Bourne NE, Wathes DC. Association between growth rates, age at first calving and subsequent fertility, milk production and survival in Holstein-Friesian heifers. Open J Anim Sci<\/i> 2013; 3: 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2013.31001"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Bach A. Associations between several aspects of heifer development and dairy cow survivability to second lactation. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2011; 94: 1052\u20131057.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3633"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Butler WR. Review: effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1998; 81: 2533\u20132539.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)70146-8"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Lucy MC. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2001; 84: 1277\u20131293.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70158-0"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Livestock Improvement Association of Japan . Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Program 2011. https:\/\/liaj.jp\/ (accessed January 24, 2026) (In Japanese)."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Brito LF, Bedere N, Douhard F, Oliveira HR, Arnal M, Pe\u00f1agaricano F, Schinckel AP, Baes CF, Miglior F. Review: Genetic selection of high-yielding dairy cattle toward sustainable farming systems in a rapidly changing world. Animal<\/i> 2021; 15(Suppl 1): 100292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100292"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Lucy MC. The intersection of biology and advanced technologies defines the future of dairy reproductive management. JDS Commun<\/i> 2025; 6(Suppl 1): S47\u2013S53.","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2025-0840"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. De Vries A. Symposium review: Why revisit dairy cattle productive lifespan? J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2020; 103: 3838\u20133845.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17361"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Cannon CY, Hansen EN. Expectation of life in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1939; 22: 1025\u20131032.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(39)92956-5"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"14. Dairy RMS. 2018 DHI Herd Summary Statistics. Raleigh: North Carolina State University; 2018. https:\/\/www.drms.org\/."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. De Vries A, Marcondes MI. Review: Overview of factors affecting productive lifespan of dairy cows. Animal<\/i> 2020; 14(S1): s155\u2013s164.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003264"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Pinedo PJ, De Vries A, Webb DW. Dynamics of culling risk with disposal codes reported by Dairy Herd Improvement dairy herds. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2010; 93: 2250\u20132261.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2572"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada . Culling reasons in Canadian dairy herds. Ottawa: AAFC; 2024. https:\/\/agriculture.canada.ca\/."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Bauman DE, Currie WB. Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1980; 63: 1514\u20131529.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)83111-0"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Cheong SH, S\u00e1 Filho OG, Absal\u00f3n-Medina VA, Pelton SH, Butler WR, Gilbert RO. Metabolic and endocrine differences between dairy cows that do or do not ovulate first postpartum dominant follicles. Biol Reprod<\/i> 2016; 94: 18.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.127076"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. LeBlanc SJ. Interactions of metabolism, inflammation, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim<\/i> 2012; 47(Suppl 5): 18\u201330.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02109.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Magata F. Lipopolysaccharide-induced mechanisms of ovarian dysfunction in cows with uterine inflammatory diseases. J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2020; 66: 311\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2020-021"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Wathes DC, Pollott GE, Johnson KF, Richardson H, Cooke JS. Heifer fertility and carry over consequences for life time production in dairy and beef cattle. Animal<\/i> 2014; 8(Suppl 1): 91\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000755"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"23. Livestock Improvement Association of Japan . Summary of performing test 2021 for dairy cow herd. https:\/\/liaj.lin.gr.jp\/cowexam\/cownew\/dairy-cow-capability-test (accessed January 24, 2026) (In Japanese)."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Hoffman PC, Brehm NM, Price SG, Prill-Adams A. Effect of accelerated postpubertal growth and early calving on lactation performance of primiparous Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1996; 79: 2024\u20132031.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76575-X"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Van Amburgh ME, Galton DM, Bauman DE, Everett RW, Fox DG, Chase LE, Erb HN. Effects of three prepubertal body growth rates on performance of Holstein heifers during first lactation. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1998; 81: 527\u2013538.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75604-8"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Ettema JF, Santos JEP. Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2004; 87: 2730\u20132742.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73400-1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Hansen M, Lund MS, Pedersen J, Christensen LG. Genetic parameters for stillbirth in Danish Holstein cows using a Bayesian threshold model. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2004; 87: 706\u2013716.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73214-2"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Simerl NA, Wilcox CJ, Thatcher WW. Postpartum performance of dairy heifers freshening at young ages. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1992; 75: 590\u2013595.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77796-0"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Sakaguchi M, Suzuki T, Sasamoto Y, Takahashi Y, Nishiura A, Aoki M. Effects of first breeding age on the production and reproduction of Holstein heifers up to the third lactation. Anim Sci J<\/i> 2005; 76: 419\u2013426.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2005.00285.x"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Pirlo G, Miglior F, Speroni M. Effect of age at first calving on production traits and on difference between milk yield returns and rearing costs in Italian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2000; 83: 603\u2013608.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74919-8"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Nilforooshan MA, Edriss MA. Effect of age at first calving on some productive and longevity traits in Iranian Holsteins of the Isfahan province. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2004; 87: 2130\u20132135.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70032-6"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Haworth GM, Tranter WP, Chuck JN, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Relationships between age at first calving and first lactation milk yield, and lifetime productivity and longevity in dairy cows. Vet Rec<\/i> 2008; 162: 643\u2013647.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.20.643"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Do C, Wasana N, Cho K, Choi Y, Choi T, Park B, Lee D. The effect of age at first calving and calving interval on productive life and lifetime profit in korean holsteins. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci<\/i> 2013; 26: 1511\u20131517.","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13105"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Mohd Nor N, Steeneveld W, van Werven T, Mourits MCM, Hogeveen H. First-calving age and first-lactation milk production on Dutch dairy farms. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2013; 96: 981\u2013992.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5741"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Lin CY, McAllister AJ, Batra TR, Lee AJ, Roy GL, Vesely JA, Wauthy JM, Winter KA. Effects of early and late breeding of heifers on multiple lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1988; 71: 2735\u20132743.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79867-7"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Kusaka H, Yamazaki T, Sakaguchi M. Association of the age and bodyweight at first calving with the reproductive and productive performance in one herd of Holstein dairy heifers in Japan. Vet Rec Open<\/i> 2022; 9: e44.","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.44"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37. Suzuki T, Sakaguchi M, Takahashi Y. Effects of age at first calving on first lactation and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Hokkaido Anim Sci and Agric Soc<\/i> 2002; 44: 65\u201370. (In Japanese with English summary)."},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Melendez Retamal P. Nutritional management of dairy heifers. In: Risco CM, Retamal PM (eds.), Dairy Production Medicine<\/i>, 1st ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2011: 195\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470960554.ch16"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Gardner RW, Smith LW, Park RL. Feeding and management of dairy heifers for optimal lifetime productivity. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1988; 71: 996\u2013999.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79646-0"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Wathes DC, Brickell JS, Bourne NE, Swali A, Cheng Z. Factors influencing heifer survival and fertility on commercial dairy farms. Animal<\/i> 2008; 2: 1135\u20131143.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108002322"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Kusaka H, Yamazaki T, Sakaguchi M. Association of age at first calving with longevity, milk yield, and fertility up to the third lactation in a herd of Holstein dairy cows in Japan. J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2023; 69: 291\u2013297.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2023-012"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Sch\u00f6pke K, Weidling S, Pijl R, Swalve HH. Relationships between bovine hoof disorders, body condition traits, and test-day yields. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2013; 96: 679\u2013689.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5728"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Becker JC, Heins BJ, Hansen LB. Costs for health care of Holstein cows selected for large versus small body size. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2012; 95: 5384\u20135392.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5344"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Norman HD, Hutchison JL, Miller RH. Use of sexed semen and its effect on conception rate, calf sex, dystocia, and stillbirth of Holsteins in the United States. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2010; 93: 3880\u20133890.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2781"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"45. Agriculture & Livestock Industries Corporation . Development and structural framework of Japanese Black cattle embryo transfer in Japan: Insights from Zen-Noh Embryo Transfer (ET) Center. Chikusan no Joho (Information on Agriculture and Livestock). 2019; 360 : 45\u201353 (in Japanese). https:\/\/www.alic.go.jp\/joho-c\/joho05_000773.html (accessed March 23, 2026)."},{"key":"46","unstructured":"46. Osada M, Obuchi T, Ushijima H, Ozawa T. A case study of productive cost for heifers on home-raising and dairy performance at Nishifuji area. Jap J Farm Manag<\/i> 2013; 157: 43\u201348. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"47","unstructured":"47. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries . Statistical Survey on Production Cost of Livestock Products 2023. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/e\/tokei\/kanri\/index.html (accessed January 24, 2026)."},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Heinrichs AJ, Heinrichs BS, Harel O, Rogers GW, Place NT. A prospective study of calf factors affecting age, body size, and body condition score at first calving of holstein dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2005; 88: 2828\u20132835.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72963-5"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Markusfeld O. Periparturient traits in seven high dairy herds. Incidence rates, association with parity, and interrelationships among traits. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1987; 70: 158\u2013166.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)79990-1"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Nielen M, Schukken YH, Scholl DT, Wilbrink HJ, Brand A. Twinning in dairy cattle: A study of risk factors and effects. Theriogenology<\/i> 1989; 32: 845\u2013862.","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90473-1"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Gregory KE, Echternkamp SE, Cundiff LV. Effects of twinning on dystocia, calf survival, calf growth, carcass traits, and cow productivity. J Anim Sci<\/i> 1996; 74: 1223\u20131233.","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7461223x"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Echternkamp SE, Gregory KE. Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia. J Anim Sci<\/i> 1999; 77: 39\u201347.","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77139x"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Pfau KO, Bartlett JW, Shuart CE. A study of multiple births in a Holstein-Friesian herd. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1948; 31: 241\u2013254.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(48)92202-4"},{"key":"54","unstructured":"54. Eddy RG, Davies O, David C. An economic assessment of twin births in British dairy herds. Vet Rec<\/i> 1991; 129: 526\u2013529."},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Andreu-V\u00e1zquez C, Garcia-Ispierto I, Ganau S, Fricke PM, L\u00f3pez-Gatius F. Effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high-producing dairy cows. Theriogenology<\/i> 2012; 78: 2061\u20132070.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.027"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Beerepoot GMM, Dykhuizen AA, Nielen M, Schukken YH. The economics of naturally occurring twinning in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1992; 75: 1044\u20131051.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77848-5"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. Cabrera VE, Fricke PM. Economics of twin pregnancies in dairy cattle. Animals (Basel)<\/i> 2021; 11: 552.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020552"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Kinsel ML, Marsh WE, Ruegg PL, Etherington WG. Risk factors for twinning in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1998; 81: 989\u2013993.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75659-0"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Silva del R\u00edo N, Stewart S, Rapnicki P, Chang YM, Fricke PM. An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2007; 90: 1255\u20131264.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71614-4"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Ryan DP, Boland MP. Frequency of twin births among Holstein-Friesian cows in a warm dry climate. Theriogenology<\/i> 1991; 36: 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90428-G"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Silva del R\u00edo N, Kirkpatrick BW, Fricke PM. Observed frequency of monozygotic twinning in Holstein dairy cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2006; 66: 1292\u20131299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.013"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Kidder HE, Barrett GR, Casida LE. A study of ovulations in six families of Holstein Friesians. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1952; 35: 436\u2013444.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(52)93724-7"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. Labhsetwar AP, Tyler WJ, Casida LE. Analysis of variation in some factors affecting multiple ovulations in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1963; 46: 840\u2013842.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(63)89157-2"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64. Fricke PM, Wiltbank MC. Effect of milk production on the incidence of double ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology<\/i> 1999; 52: 1133\u20131143.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00205-8"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65. Sartori R, Haughian JM, Shaver RD, Rosa GJM, Wiltbank MC. Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2004; 87: 905\u2013920.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73235-X"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66. Lopez H, Caraviello DZ, Satter LD, Fricke PM, Wiltbank MC. Relationship between level of milk production and multiple ovulations in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2005; 88: 2783\u20132793.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72958-1"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67. L\u00f3pez-Gatius F, L\u00f3pez-B\u00e9jar M, Fenech M, Hunter RHF. Ovulation failure and double ovulation in dairy cattle: risk factors and effects. Theriogenology<\/i> 2005; 63: 1298\u20131307.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.06.010"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68. Lopez H, Sartori R, Wiltbank MC. Reproductive hormones and follicular growth during development of one or multiple dominant follicles in cattle. Biol Reprod<\/i> 2005; 72: 788\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.035493"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69. Kusaka H, Miura H, Kikuchi M, Sakaguchi M. Incidence of double ovulation during the early postpartum period in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology<\/i> 2017; 91: 98\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.12.029"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70. Silva-del-R\u00edo N, Colloton JD, Fricke PM. Factors affecting pregnancy loss for single and twin pregnancies in a high-producing dairy herd. Theriogenology<\/i> 2009; 71: 1462\u20131471.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.01.013"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71. Sangsritavong S, Combs DK, Sartori R, Armentano LE, Wiltbank MC. High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17\u03b2 in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2002; 85: 2831\u20132842.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74370-1"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72. Cushman RA, Allan MF, Snowder GD, Thallman RM, Echternkamp SE. Evaluation of ovulation rate and ovarian phenotype in puberal heifers from a cattle population selected for increased ovulation rate. J Anim Sci<\/i> 2005; 83: 1839\u20131844.","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8381839x"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. Butler WR, Smith RD. Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1989; 72: 767\u2013783.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79169-4"},{"key":"74","unstructured":"74. Lucy MC. Mechanisms linking nutrition and reproduction in postpartum cows. Reprod Suppl<\/i> 2003; 61: 415\u2013427."},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75. Stevenson JS, Portaluppi MA, Tenhouse DE. Factors influencing upfront single-and multiple-ovulation incidence, progesterone, and luteolysis before a timed insemination resynchronization protocol. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2007; 90: 5542\u20135551.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0475"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Cerri RLA, Chebel RC, Rivera F, Narciso CD, Oliveira RA, Thatcher WW, Santos JEP. Concentration of progesterone during the development of the ovulatory follicle: I. Ovarian and embryonic responses. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2011; 94: 3342\u20133351.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3734"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. L\u00f3pez-Gatius F, Hunter R. Twin reduction by PGF2\u03b1<\/sub> intraluteal instillation in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim<\/i> 2016; 51: 940\u2013944.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12765"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78. L\u00f3pez-Gatius F, Hunter R. Puncture and drainage of the subordinate follicles at timed artificial insemination prevents the risk of twin pregnancy in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim<\/i> 2018; 53: 213\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13094"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79. Wicaksono A, van den Borne BHP, Aardema H, van Werven T, Hogeveen H, Steeneveld W. Estimating the costs of interrelated reproductive disorders in dairy farms. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2025; 108: 8508\u20138528.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-26053"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80. Gernand E, Rehbein P, von Borstel UU, K\u00f6nig S. Incidences of and genetic parameters for mastitis, claw disorders, and common health traits recorded in dairy cattle contract herds. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2012; 95: 2144\u20132156.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4812"},{"key":"81","unstructured":"81. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisherie . Statistical Tables of Livestock Mutual Relief. https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/j\/tokei\/kouhyou\/katiku_kyosai\/index.html (accessed January 5, 2026)."},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82. Barlund CS, Carruthers TD, Waldner CL, Palmer CW. A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2008; 69: 714\u2013723.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.12.005"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83. Gautam G, Nakao T, Yusuf M, Koike K. Prevalence of endometritis during the postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2009; 116: 175\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.02.001"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Cheong SH, Nydam DV, Galv\u00e3o KN, Crosier BM, Gilbert RO. Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2011; 94: 762\u2013770.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3439"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85. de Boer MW, LeBlanc SJ, Dubuc J, Meier S, Heuwieser W, Arlt S, Gilbert RO, McDougall S. Invited review: Systematic review of diagnostic tests for reproductive-tract infection and inflammation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2014; 97: 3983\u20133999.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7450"},{"key":"86","unstructured":"86. Bonnett BN, Miller RB, Etherington WG, Martin SW, Johnson WH. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. I. Technique, histological criteria and results. Can J Vet Res<\/i> 1991; 55: 155\u2013161."},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH. Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2002; 85: 2223\u20132236.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74302-6"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88. Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS, Johnson WH. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology<\/i> 2004; 62: 9\u201323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.03.001"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. L\u00f3pez-Helguera I, L\u00f3pez-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I. The influence of genital tract status in postpartum period on the subsequent reproductive performance in high producing dairy cows. Theriogenology<\/i> 2012; 77: 1334\u20131342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.038"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90. McDougall S, Macaulay R, Compton C. Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci<\/i> 2007; 99: 9\u201323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.03.017"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"91. McDougall S, Hussein H, Aberdein D, Buckle K, Roche J, Burke C, Mitchell M, Meier S. Relationships between cytology, bacteriology and vaginal discharge scores and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2011; 76: 229\u2013240.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.024"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"92. Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Pfeiffer DU, England GCW, Noakes DE, Dobson H, Sheldon IM. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2005; 63: 102\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.03.017"},{"key":"93","unstructured":"93. Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS, Johnson WH. A comparison of the cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum dairy cows. Can Vet J<\/i> 2005; 46: 255\u2013259."},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"94. Dadarwal D, Palmer C. Postpartum uterine infection. In: Hopper RM, editor. Bovine Reproduction.<\/i> 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2021. 639\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119602484.ch54"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"95. Kusaka H, Hasegawa R, Nishimoto N, Kawahata M, Miura H, Kikuchi M, Sakaguchi M. Comparison of diagnostic methods for uterine health in dairy cattle on different days postpartum. Vet Rec<\/i> 2020; 186: 91.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105300"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"96. Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2006; 65: 1516\u20131530.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.08.021"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"97. Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ. Definitions and diagnosis of postpartum endometritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2010; 93: 5225\u20135233.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3428"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"98. Sheldon IM. Diagnosing postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec<\/i> 2020; 186: 88\u201390.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.m222"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99. \u0160avc M, Duane M, O\u2019Grady LE, Somers JR, Beltman ME. Uterine disease and its effect on subsequent reproductive performance of dairy cattle: a comparison of two cow-side diagnostic methods. Theriogenology<\/i> 2016; 86: 1983\u20131988.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.06.018"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"100. Kusaka H, Kimura T, Nishimoto N, Sakaguchi M. Combined use of non-laboratory methods for the practical diagnosis of endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Vet Med Sci<\/i> 2022; 8: 2585\u20132592.","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.904"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"101. Lin HK, Oltenacu PA, Van Vleck LD, Erb HN, Smith RD. Heritabilities of and genetic correlations among six health problems in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 1989; 72: 180\u2013186.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79095-0"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"102. Zwald NR, Weigel KA, Chang YM, Welper RD, Clay JS. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I. Incidence rates, heritability estimates, and sire breeding values. J Dairy Sci<\/i> 2004; 87: 4287\u20134294.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73573-0"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103. Kim IH, Kang HG. Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J Reprod Dev<\/i> 2003; 49: 485\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.49.485"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"104. Potter TJ, Guitian J, Fishwick J, Gordon PJ, Sheldon IM. Risk factors for clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cattle. Theriogenology<\/i> 2010; 74: 127\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.01.023"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"105. Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N, Ardalan M. Cow-specific risk factors for retained placenta, metritis and clinical mastitis in Holstein cows. Vet Res Commun<\/i> 2011; 35: 345\u2013354.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-011-9479-5"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"106. Noakes DE, Wallace L, Smith GR. Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms. Vet Rec<\/i> 1991; 128: 440\u2013442.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.19.440"}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproduction and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jrd\/72\/4\/72_2026-033\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:24:17Z","timestamp":1785558257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jrd\/72\/4\/72_2026-033\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1262\/jrd.2026-033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-8818","1348-4400"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0916-8818","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-4400","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"2026-033"}}