{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:52:12Z","timestamp":1792036332397,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Japanese Society for Hygiene","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Health Prev. Med.","Environ Health Prev Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.25-00052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:08:28Z","timestamp":1757542108000},"page":"70-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Socioeconomic inequalities in health behaviours pre- and post-COVID-19 among Japanese school-aged adolescents: a nationally representative three-wave repeated cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1265","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8134-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Kyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus"},{"name":"Center for Social Common Capital beyond 2050, Institutional Advancement and Communications, Kyoto University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoru","family":"Takakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus"},{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Sciences, Meio University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"335","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard with Vaccination Data; 2020. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Woods N, Seabrook JA, Schaafsma H, Burke S, Tucker T, Gilliland J. Dietary changes of youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. J Nutr. 2024;154:1376\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.02.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.02.022"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Na X, Zhang J, Xie C, Zeng H, Wu L, Fan D, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dietary behaviors among school-age children, adolescents, and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025;83:e195\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae050.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae050"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Neville RD, Lakes KD, Hopkins WG, Tarantino G, Draper CE, Beck R, et al. Global changes in child and adolescent physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:886\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2313.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2313"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD. Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:1188\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4116.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4116"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Lucchini M, Bekelman TA, Li M, Knapp EA, Dong Y, Ballard S, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children\u2019s sleep habits: an ECHO study. Pediatr Res. 2023;93:586\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-022-02309-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02309-z"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Wang ML, Gago CM. Shifts in child health behaviors and obesity after COVID-19. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178:427\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0027.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0027"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Rocha S, Fuligni A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent sleep behavior. Curr Opin Psychol. 2023;52:101648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101648.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101648"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. O\u2019Donoghue G, Kennedy A, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, et al. Socio-economic determinants of physical activity across the life course: a \u2018DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity\u2019 (DEDIPAC) umbrella literature review. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0190737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190737.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190737"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Mielke GI, Brown WJ, Nunes BP, Silva ICM, Hallal PC. Socioeconomic correlates of sedentary behavior in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;47:61\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0555-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0555-4"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Etindele Sosso FA, Holmes SD, Weinstein AA. Influence of socioeconomic status on objective sleep measurement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of actigraphy studies. Sleep Health. 2021;7:417\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.05.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.05.005"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;25:3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.010"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Cislak A, Safron M, Pratt M, Gaspar T, Luszczynska A. Family-related predictors of body weight and weight-related behaviours among children and adolescents: a systematic umbrella review. Child Care Health Dev. 2012;38:321\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01285.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01285.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Bardid F, Tomaz SA, Johnstone A, Robertson J, Craig LCA, Reilly JJ. Results from Scotland\u2019s 2021 report card on physical activity and Health for children and youth: grades, secular trends, and socio-economic inequalities. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2022;20:317\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.07.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.07.002"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15. Blavatnik school of government, University of Oxford. COVID-19 government response tracker. Accessed Dec 6, 2024. https:\/\/www.bsg.ox.ac.uk\/research\/covid-19-government-response-tracker."},{"key":"16","unstructured":"16. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Summary of the results of monthly survey on service industries; 2018. https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/english\/data\/mssi\/kekka\/index.html."},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Kyan A, Takakura M. Socio-economic inequalities in physical activity among Japanese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health. 2022;207:7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.03.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.03.006"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Kyan A, Takakura M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic inequality of health behavior among Japanese adolescents: a 2-year repeated cross-sectional survey. J Phys Act Health. 2023;20:538\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2022-0489.","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2022-0489"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Council for Early to Bed, Early to Rise, and Breakfast. Accessed Jun 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.hayanehayaoki.jp\/ (in Japanese)."},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20. 24-Hour Movement Guidelines \u2013 Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. Accessed Jun 5, 2025. https:\/\/csepguidelines.ca\/."},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21. Australian Government Department of Health, Care A. Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5 to 12 years) and young people (13 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Australian government Department of Health and Aged Care; 2025. Accessed Jun 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/australian-24-hour-movement-guidelines-for-children-5-to-12-years-and-young-people-13-to-17-years-an-integration-of-physical-activity-sedentary-behaviour-and-sleep?language=en."},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Yamada M, Sekine M, Tatsuse T. Psychological stress, family environment, and constipation in Japanese children: the Toyama Birth Cohort study. J Epidemiol. 2019;29:220\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20180016.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20180016"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Okuda M, Kunitsugu I, Yoshitake N, Sasaki S. The relationship between functional constipation and dietary habits in school-age Japanese children. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2019;65:38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3177\/jnsv.65.38.","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.38"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kohyama J. Lifestyle habits associated with poor defecation habit among pupils in Japan. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2020;23:567\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5223\/pghn.2020.23.6.567.","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2020.23.6.567"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. Sasakawa Sports Foundation. 2023. Publications. https:\/\/www.ssf.or.jp\/en\/publications\/."},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Tanaka C, Kyan A, Takakura M, Olds T, Schranz N, Tanaka S. Validation of the physical activity questions in the World Health Organization Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey using accelerometer data in Japanese children and adolescents. J Phys Act Health. 2021;18:151\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2019-0671.","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2019-0671"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27. Inchley J, Currie D, Cosma A, Samdal O, editors. Health Behaviour in SchoolAged Children (HBSC) study protocol: background, methodology and mandatory items for the 2017\/18 survey. World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"28","unstructured":"28. Tanaka C, Kyan A, Takakura M, Olds T, Schranz N, Tanaka M, et al. The validity of the Japanese version of physical activity questions in the WHO Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children (HBSC) survey. Res Exerc Epidemiol. 2017;19:93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24804\/ree.19.93."},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Lubans DR, Hesketh K, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Salmon J, Dollman J, et al. A systematic review of the validity and reliability of sedentary behaviour measures used with children and adolescents. Obes Rev. 2011;12:781\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00896.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00896.x"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1:40\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SLEH.2014.12.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"32. Ministry of Agriculture. FAF. What are the benefits of Shokuiku (food and nutrition education)? 2018. https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/j\/syokuiku\/evidence\/index.html."},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Ernstsen L, Strand BH, Nilsen SM, Espnes GA, Krokstad S. Trends in absolute and relative educational inequalities in four modifiable ischaemic heart disease risk factors: repeated cross-sectional surveys from the Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Study (HUNT) 1984\u20132008. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-266.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-266"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Mackenbach JP, Kunst AE. Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: an overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:757\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0277-9536(96)00073-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00073-1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Regidor E. Measures of health inequalities: part 2. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:900\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2004.023036.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023036"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Naimi AI, Whitcomb BW. Estimating risk ratios and risk differences using regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189:508\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa044.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa044"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Wachtler B, Hoebel J, Lampert T. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health in Germany: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional health surveys between 2003 and 2012. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e030216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030216.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030216"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpretation of YRBS trend data; 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/pdf\/2021\/2021_yrbs_trend_interpretation_508.pdf."},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Ikeda N, Saito E, Kondo N, Inoue M, Ikeda S, Satoh T, et al. What has made the population of Japan healthy? Lancet. 2011;378:1094\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61055-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61055-6"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Kagamimori S, Gaina A, Nasermoaddeli A. Socioeconomic status and health in the Japanese population. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:2152\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.030"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"41. Kitao S, Yamada T. Inequality dynamics in Japan: Economic and social research institute. <i>Economic and Social Research Institute Discussion Paper Series<\/i>. 1981\u20132021;2024:392. Accessed Dec 11, 2024. https:\/\/www.esri.cao.go.jp\/en\/esri\/archive\/e_dis\/2024\/e_dis392-e.html."},{"key":"42","unstructured":"42. The Cabinet Agency for Infectious Disease Crisis Management. Analysis of the number of school closures and school holidays. The Cabinet Agency for Infectious Disease Crisis Management. Accessed Dec 11, 2024. https:\/\/www.caicm.go.jp\/action\/survey\/covid19-ai.jp\/ja-jp\/presentation\/2021_rq3_countermeasures_simulation\/articles\/article268\/index.html."},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Hearst MO, Shanafelt A, Wang Q, Leduc R, Nanney MS. Barriers, benefits, and behaviors related to breakfast consumption among rural adolescents. J Sch Health. 2016;86:187\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josh.12367.","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12367"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"44. Japan sports agency. National survey of the physical strength, exercise ability and exercise habits; 2021. https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/sports\/b_menu\/toukei\/kodomo\/zencyo\/1368222.htm."},{"key":"45","unstructured":"45. Takakura M, Miyagi M, Kyan A. Changes in the prevalence of health-risk behaviors among Japanese adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: 2002\u20132021. Sch Health. 2023;19:14\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20812\/jash.SH_125."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ehpm\/30\/0\/30_25-00052\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T04:20:35Z","timestamp":1757737235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ehpm\/30\/0\/30_25-00052\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"0","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1265\/ehpm.25-00052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1342-078X","1347-4715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1342-078X","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-4715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"25-00052"}}