{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:09:24Z","timestamp":1778314164682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pak J Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) risk due to increased use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) among cirrhotic patients with ascites.\r\nMethods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted at Chandka Medical College &amp; Hospital, Larkana from March 2013 to February 2014, involving 215 cirrhotic patients with ascites. Paracentesis was performed to distinguish cirrhotic patients with SBP and Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil (PMN) count \u2265 250 neutrophils\/mm3 (cases) and non-SBP with PMN count &lt; 250 neutrophils\/mm3 (controls). The demographic details, history of PPIs use before admission and duration of Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) were inquired and statistical analysis was carried through SPSS Version 23.0.\r\nResults: Increased pre-hospital PPI intake was observed among cirrhotic patients with SBP (69.8%) as compared to those without SBP (48.8%; p = 0.014). The mean duration of PPI use was 19.16 \u00b1 4.772 days, and it was more significant among older cirrhotic patients (p &lt; 0.05). Increased duration of CLD was observed among PPI users, i.e. 20.47 \u00b1 6.305 months vs. 18.95 \u00b1 5.527 months among non-PPI users (p &lt; 0.05).\r\nConclusions: Our results show that cirrhotic patients with ascites consuming PPIs are more likely to develop SBP as compared to non-PPI users.\r\ndoi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.37.4.3476\r\nHow to cite this:Shaikh BA, Shaikh ZA, Shah AH, Kumar A. Determining the Risk of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis due to increase use of Proton Pump Inhibitors among cirrhotic patients with ascites. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1075-1079.\u00a0 \u00a0doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.37.4.3476\r\nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.37.4.3476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T04:45:53Z","timestamp":1618980353000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determining the Risk of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitisdue to increase use of Proton Pump Inhibitors\u00a0among cirrhotic patients with ascites"],"prefix":"10.12669","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Bashir Ahmed","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahid Ali","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aftab Hussain","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneel","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4935","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"container-title":["Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/3476\/924","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/3476\/924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:12:50Z","timestamp":1778310770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/view\/3476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.37.4.3476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1681-715X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1682-024X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}