{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T13:10:21Z","timestamp":1778332221028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pak J Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To explore the influencing factors of polyspermy in long-term fertilization during in vitro fertilization (IVF) with antagonist protocol.\r\nMethods: This was a retrospective case-control study. Patients with secondary infertility undergoing assisted reproductive treatment in the Department of Reproductive Medicine of Maternity &amp; Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao between January 2020 and May 2023 were selected. Five hundred and thirty-six ovulation induction cycles with antagonist protocol were included and divided into the control group (multiple pronuclei(PN) rate= 0%, n=347) and the polyspermy group (multiple PN: 2PN \u226520%, n=189) according to the incidence of polyspermy. The general data and embryonic development of the two groups were statistically analyzed.\r\nResults: There were no statistically significant differences in male age, infertile duration, body mass index (BMI), basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, number of follicles with a diameter of \u226516mm, total dose of gonadotropin (Gn), total Gn stimulation days, and sperm concentration between the two groups (all P&gt;0.05). Similarily no statistically significant differences in female age, levels of estradiol (E2), LH, and progesterone (P) and number of follicles with a diameter of \u226514 mm on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection day, the total number of eggs retrieved, amount of Gn\/egg, and fertilization concentration (sperms\/egg) were observed between the two groups (all P&lt;0.05). The results of logistic binary regression analysis showed that the level of LH on hCG injection day was an independent risk factor for the incidence of polyspermy in antagonist protocol.\r\nConclusion: In the process of ovulation induction in antagonist protocol, the appropriate addition of LH can improve embryo outcomes.\r\ndoi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.41.2.9832\r\nHow to cite this: Shi H, Song Q, Liu J, Li C, Liu R. Influencing factors of polyspermy during in vitro fertilization with antagonist protocol. Pak J Med Sci. 2025;41(2):575-579. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.41.2.9832\r\nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.41.2.9832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T17:51:38Z","timestamp":1737741098000},"page":"575-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influencing factors of polyspermy during in vitro fertilization with antagonist protocol"],"prefix":"10.12669","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4935","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"container-title":["Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/9832\/2621","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/9832\/2621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T12:33:02Z","timestamp":1778329982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/view\/9832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.41.2.9832","relation":{},"ISSN":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1681-715X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1682-024X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}