{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:24:26Z","timestamp":1787653466831,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pak J Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objective: The global rise in myopia has become a significant public health concern, with a projected prevalence affecting nearly half of the world\u2019s population by 2050. Despite increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), longitudinal data on myopia progression, especially in high-risk academic cohorts, remain limited. This study investigates the five-year progression of myopia and its behavioral correlates among undergraduate female medical students in Pakistan.\nMethodology: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted at Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, including 304 students enrolled in the 2020 MBBS batch. Annual measurements of spherical equivalent refraction (SER), self-reported screen time, and study time were collected over five academic years, from January 2020 to December 2025. Descriptive statistics summarized SER progression and behavioral exposure. Linear mixed-effects models (LMM) assessed SER changes across time. Multivariable linear regression evaluated predictors of SER progression (\u0394SER). Spearman\u2019s correlation and subgroup analyses examined associations with behavioral and demographic variables.\nResults: Of the 304 students, 48 had complete longitudinal SER data. The mean SER progressed from \u20131.66 D (SD \u00b12.41) at baseline to \u20132.73 D (SD \u00b11.78) after five years, with a mean \u0394SER of \u20131.07 D (SD \u00b12.85). Baseline SER was a significant predictor of progression (\u03b2 = \u20130.96; 95% CI: \u20131.20 to \u20130.73; p &lt; 0.001). No significant associations were found between \u0394SER and screen or study time. Subgroup analysis showed no difference in progression by family history of myopia.\nConclusion: This study adds to the existing Pakistani literature on myopia among medical students by providing longitudinal data on refractive change over a period of five-year. Findings highlight baseline refractive error as the strongest determinant of progression, emphasizing the need for early detection and targeted surveillance in LMIC academic populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.42.9.16073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:04:17Z","timestamp":1787652257000},"page":"2364-2369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progression of myopia among undergraduate students of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore"],"prefix":"10.12669","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Huma Kayani","family":"Saigol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maham","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rehman","family":"Alvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4935","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"container-title":["Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/16073\/11630","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/download\/16073\/11630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:04:17Z","timestamp":1787652257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/view\/16073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.42.9.16073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1681-715X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1682-024X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}