{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:28:07Z","timestamp":1778790487821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rwanda","award":["51160027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51160027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aasopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAS Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Schistosomiasis is prevalent in many sub-Saharan African countries and transmission is through waters contaminated by infected snails. In Rwanda, although schistosomiasis is endemic, very few epidemiological studies exist; of these, schoolchildren have been the focus, neglecting pre-school-aged children (PSAC). Furthermore, malacological surveys to indicate the potential for transmission are scarce in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis among PSAC living on Nkombo Island in Lake Kivu and to map the distribution and infectivity of snails in the area.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Stool and urine samples were collected from children aged 1 to 4 years and tested for schistosomiasis using the Kato Katz and the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) diagnostic techniques respectively. Snails were collected along the shores at five different locations with human-water contact activities and cercaria shedding was microscopically examined. GPS receivers were used to collect geographical coordinates and snail distribution maps were generated using ArcGIS. A questionnaire was used to assess water contact activities and frequency.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    A total of 278 PSAC were recruited. Overall, 9.5% (excluding traces) of the tested children reacted positively to the POC-CCA, although there were no ova detected in their stool via Kato Katz. The questionnaire revealed that 48.2% of parents\/guardians use Lake Kivu\u2019s water for household activities while 42.4% children are taken to the Lake shores daily. Overall, 13.5% of collected snails shed cercariae.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    PSAC of Nkombo Island are exposed to\n                    <ns4:italic>Schistosoma<\/ns4:italic>\n                    parasites through contact with Lake Kivu, which hosts a number of snails shedding cercaria. Exposure is through recreational activities but also through bathing as safe water is scarce in the area. Health education of parents\/guardians of these young children should be promoted and the national schistosomiasis control program should be integrated into water supply projects.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.12930.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T06:35:17Z","timestamp":1550817317000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/aasopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pre-school aged children are exposed to Schistosoma through Lake Kivu in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Rujeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mazimpaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musafiri","family":"Tumusiime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Nyandwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Rutayisire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Kayiranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irenee","family":"Umulisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Ruberanziza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Osier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196-205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14006.r26781, Daniel G. Colley, Carl H. Campbell, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 05 Mar 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/2-7\/v1#referee-response-26781","order":0,"name":"referee-response-26781","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14006.r26780, J. Russell Stothard, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, 06 Mar 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/2-7\/v1#referee-response-26780","order":1,"name":"referee-response-26780","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The current study was funded through UR-Sida program (Grant no 51160027, Postdoc grant to NR).  Francisca Mutapi is a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}