{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:46:02Z","timestamp":1792788362038,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13021.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000}}],"reference-count":53,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004413","name":"International Foundation for Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B\/5925-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B\/5925-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013987","name":"Government of the Republic of Kenya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013987","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009131","name":"Direktion f\u00fcr Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011858","name":"African Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEL-15-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z;WellcomeTrustInvestigator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z;WellcomeTrustInvestigator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cambridge-Africa Alborada Fund"},{"name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["G100049\/17588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G100049\/17588"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aasopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAS Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Major constraints to camel production include pests and diseases. In northern Kenya, little information is available about blood-borne pathogens circulating in one-humped camels (\n                    <ns4:italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ) or their possible transmission by the camel haematophagous ectoparasite,\n                    <ns4:italic>Hippobosca camelina<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , commonly known as camel ked or camel fly. This study aimed to: (i) identify the presence of potentially insect-vectored pathogens in camels and camel keds, and (ii) assess the potential utility of keds for xenodiagnosis of camel pathogens that they may not vector.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    In Laisamis, northern Kenya, camel blood samples (n = 249) and camel keds (n = 117) were randomly collected from camels. All samples were screened for trypanosomal and camelpox DNA by PCR, and for\n                    <ns4:italic>Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Brucella, Coxiella, Theileria<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <ns4:italic>Babesia<\/ns4:italic>\n                    by PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    In camels, we detected\n                    <ns4:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (41%),\n                    <ns4:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (1.2%), and \u201c\n                    <ns4:italic>Candidatus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Anaplasma camelii\u201d (68.67%). In camel keds, we also detected\n                    <ns4:italic>T. vivax<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (45.3%),\n                    <ns4:italic>T. evansi<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (2.56%),\n                    <ns4:italic>Trypanosoma melophagium<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (1\/117) (0.4%), and \u201c\n                    <ns4:italic>Candidatus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Anaplasma camelii\u201d (16.24 %). Piroplasms (\n                    <ns4:italic>Theileria<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <ns4:italic>Babesia<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp.),\n                    <ns4:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns4:italic>Brucella<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <ns4:italic>Ehrlichia<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp., and camel pox were not detected in any samples.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This study reveals the presence of epizootic pathogens in camels from northern Kenya. Furthermore, the presence of the same pathogens in camels and in keds collected from sampled camels suggests the potential use of these flies in xenodiagnosis of haemopathogens circulating in camels.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13021.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T08:25:19Z","timestamp":1589963119000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/aasopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Detection of blood pathogens in camels and their associated ectoparasitic camel biting keds, Hippobosca camelina: the potential application of keds in xenodiagnosis of camel haemopathogens"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14165.r27470, Dennis Muhanguzi, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, 21 May 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/2-164\/v2#referee-response-27470","order":0,"name":"referee-response-27470","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14165.r27469, Elizabeth A. Opiyo, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda, 21 May 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/2-164\/v2#referee-response-27469","order":1,"name":"referee-response-27469","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported through the DELTAS Africa Initiative grant # DEL-15-011 to THRiVE-2. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)\u2019s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa\u2019s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust grant # 107742\/Z\/15\/Z and the UK government.\n\nThis research study received supplementary funding from the International Foundation for Science (IFS), Stockholm, Sweden, through an IFS grant # B\/5925-1 to JLB; and from Cambridge-Africa Alborada Fund 2017\/18 and The Global Challenges Research Fund - Pump-Priming Fund (GCRF grant #G100049\/17588) awarded to MC and JLB.\n\nAdditional support was obtained from icipe institutional funding from the UK\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), and the Kenyan Government.\n\nMC is a Wellcome Trust Investigator. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}