{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:34:24Z","timestamp":1781282064288,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13063.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007588","name":"Washington State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011858","name":"African Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aasopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAS Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Introduction<\/ns3:bold>\n                    : Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods and analysis<\/ns3:bold>\n                    : The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Ethics and dissemination:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13063.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T05:48:09Z","timestamp":1607406489000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/aasopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7378-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyamai","family":"Mutono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Mutembei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josphat","family":"Muema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mair","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumbua","family":"Mutunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5754-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Mwangi","family":"Thumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497-508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.157","article-title":"Urban growth and water access in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, challenges, and emerging research directions.","volume":"607\u2013608","author":"S Dos Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63-80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2005.10.005","article-title":"Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability.","volume":"28","author":"B Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technology in Society."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/w8070274","article-title":"Intermittent domestic water supply: A critical review and analysis of causal-consequential pathways.","volume":"8","author":"S Galaitsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819-830","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-016-0785-6","article-title":"Eight energy and material flow characteristics of urban ecosystems.","volume":"45","author":"X Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ambio."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131-141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70223-1","article-title":"Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world.","volume":"11","author":"E Alirol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63-75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2016.03.003","article-title":"Water supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in low-income areas of Lilongwe City, Malawi.","volume":"93","author":"R Chidya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth."},{"key":"ref-7","article-title":"Sustainable Development Goals: 17 Goals to Transform our world","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83-92","DOI":"10.1080\/02508069608686494","article-title":"Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs.","volume":"21","author":"P Gleick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water International."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The Africa we want","year":"2015","DOI":"10.18356\/8cdc8224-en"},{"key":"ref-10","first-page":"1-28","article-title":"Africa\u2019s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref-11","article-title":"JMP Ladder chart","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330-339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2008.02.008","article-title":"Managing urban water supplies in developing countries - 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SMT is an affiliate of the African Academy of Sciences.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}