{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T16:12:15Z","timestamp":1776269535829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009250","name":"New Partnership for Africa's Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107743\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107743\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011858","name":"African Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014163","name":"Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014163","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aasopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAS Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : AmpC beta-lactamase-producing bacteria are associated with increased resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Here, we describe plasmid-mediated AmpC\n                    <ns4:italic\/>\n                    beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria isolated from urban and rural dwellers in Uganda.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Stool and urine from 1,448 individuals attending outpatient clinics in Kampala and two rural districts in central Uganda were processed for isolation of\n                    <ns4:italic>Escherichia coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and Klebsiella. Following antibiotic susceptibility testing, cefoxitin resistant isolates, and amoxicillin\/clavulanate resistant but cefoxitin susceptible isolates, were tested for AmpC beta-lactamase production using the cefoxitin-cloxacillin double-disc synergy test. Carriage of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-encoding genes (pAmpC) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes was determined by PCR.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Nine hundred and thirty\n                    <ns4:italic>E. coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and 55 Klebsiella\n                    <ns4:italic\/>\n                    were recovered from the cultured samples, yielding 985 isolates investigated (one per participant). One hundred and twenty-nine isolates (13.1%, 129\/985) were AmpC beta-lactamase producers, of which 111 were molecularly characterized for pAmpC and ESBL gene carriage. pAmpC genes were detected in 60% (67\/111) of the AmpC beta-lactamase producers; pAmpC genes were also detected in 18 AmpC beta-lactamase non-producers and in 13 isolates with reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, yielding a total of 98 isolates that carried pAmpC genes. Overall, the prevalence of pAmpC genes in cefoxitin resistant and\/or amoxicillin\/clavulanate resistant\n                    <ns4:italic>E. coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and\n                    <ns4:italic\/>\n                    Klebsiella was 59% (93\/157) and 26.1% (5\/23), respectively. The overall prevalence of pAmpC-positive enterobacteria was 10% (98\/985); 16.4% (45\/274) in Kampala, 6.2% (25\/406) Kayunga, and 9.2% (28\/305) Mpigi. Ciprofloxacin use was associated with carriage of pAmpC-positive bacteria while residing in a rural district was associated with protection from carriage of pAmpC-positive bacteria.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : pAmpC beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria\n                    <ns4:italic\/>\n                    are prevalent in urban and rural dwellers in Uganda; therefore, cefoxitn should be considered during routine susceptibility testing in this setting.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13165.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T08:55:07Z","timestamp":1606726507000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/aasopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteria isolated from urban and rural folks in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine F","family":"Najjuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Patrick","family":"Kateete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis K","family":"Lodiongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obede","family":"Mambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunderika","family":"Mocktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Kayondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannington","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry M","family":"Kajumbula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabiha Y","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses L","family":"Joloba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-298","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized surgical patients: a silently emerging public health concern in Uganda.","volume":"6","author":"J Seni","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0113033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113033","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated AmpC: Prevalence in Community-Acquired Isolates in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Risk Factors for Carriage.","volume":"10","author":"E Reuland","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"50-59","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection in the Auckland 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T10:10:11Z","timestamp":1630923011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/aasopenres.13165.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28822","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28723","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28846","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28822","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28723","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28846","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18489\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2515-9321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2515-9321","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28723, Soo Tein Ngoi, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 07 Jul 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1#referee-response-28723","order":0,"name":"referee-response-28723","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>David Kateete<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 16 Aug 2021<\/i>; \n<b>Response to comments:<\/b> Thank you for your insightful comments. We are using these to improve our manuscript. Please find below, our response to each of the raised concerns. Kindly note that we are awaiting an additional reviewer's report to upload the revised manuscript hence, the changes to the manuscript in light of your suggestions will be seen when we upload the revised manuscript.  \n<b>Comment 1:<\/b> The sampling design and procedures, bacterial isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of AmpC and ESBL producers have already been reported in detail in the previous article published by the authors&nbsp;\n<sup>1<\/sup>. Please remove the related sections in Methods and Results to avoid duplication of data. I suggest the authors include a summary of the previous findings in the last paragraph of the Introduction since this study is considered an extension of the previously reported work.  \n<b>Response:<\/b> We agree. We have revised the Introduction accordingly.  \n<b>Comment 2:<\/b> Figure 2 clearly depicts the distribution of the different&nbsp;\n<i>bla&nbsp;<\/i>genotypes according to geographical regions. This is very interesting as there seems to be a predominance of specific&nbsp;\n<i>bla&nbsp;<\/i>genes in the different districts. Could the authors elaborate more on this finding? Statistical analysis could be done to determine if the correlation between the genotypes and the geographical regions is significant or not. Also, the figure legends should be standardized to ease viewing.   \n<b>Response: <\/b> Again, thanks for your appreciation of our analysis of the \n<i>bla<\/i> genotypes according to geographical distribution. We repeated the statistical analysis as advised; however, the results showed no statistically significant correlation between the genotypes and the geographical regions i.e., none of the enzymes was significantly in greater proportion compared to others across the different districts (p-value = 0.208). The figure legends are now standardized and easily viewable.  \n<b>Comment 3:<\/b> Ciprofloxacin use was found to be a risk factor for the carriage of pAmpC-positive strains. It would be of interest if the authors could discuss the use of fluoroquinolones in the region. &nbsp;&nbsp;  \n<b>Response:<\/b> As advised, in our revised manuscript we have discussed the use of fluoroquinolones in Uganda and generally the East African region.  \n<b><u>Minor comments:<\/u><\/b>  Please standardize the nomenclature of&nbsp;\n<i>K. pneumoniae<\/i>&nbsp;throughout the text. The family name,&nbsp;\n<i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>, should be capitalized and italicized.  \n<b>Response:<\/b> We have standardized the nomenclature of \n<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>, and italicized the name \n<i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>. We thank you.","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1#referee-comment-3207","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-3207","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28846, Samuel Kariuki, Robert Onsare, Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 06 Sep 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1#referee-response-28846","order":2,"name":"referee-response-28846","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.14270.r28822, Muhammad Usman Qamar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 06 Sep 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/aasopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-62\/v1#referee-response-28822","order":3,"name":"referee-response-28822","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported in part by the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) through a DELTAS Africa Initiative grant awarded to DPK [107743\/Z\/15\/Z]. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS), Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA), and supported by the New Partnership for Africa's Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust [107743\/Z\/15\/Z] and the UK Government. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of AAS, NEPAD Agency, Wellcome Trust or the UK government. This work was also supported in part with funds from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}