{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:49Z","timestamp":1772168809053,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13351.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"},{"name":"DELTAS Africa Initiative","award":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Sida","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant No:54100113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No:54100113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000308","name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant No--B 8606.R02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No--B 8606.R02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openresearchafrica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Res Africa"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>\n                    Introduction The human-restricted sexually transmitted\n                    <ns5:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns5:italic>\n                    (NG) has been shown to modulate the immune response against it and consequently the cytokines produced. The levels of cytokines in NG infection in the African population have not been well described. We aimed to quantify the systemic and mucosal cytokines in NG infection. Methods This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Levels of nine cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, 1L-6, 1L-10, 1L-12p70, IL-17A, TNF\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3) were measured from plasma and genital samples (urethral swabs in men and cervicovaginal lavage in women) from 61\n                    <ns5:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns5:italic>\n                    infected individuals seeking treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at Casino Health Centre in Nairobi, Kenya. A comparative group of 61 NG-uninfected individuals, seeking treatment at the same facility but with laboratory-confirmed negative\n                    <ns5:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns5:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns5:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/ns5:italic>\n                    (CT),\n                    <ns5:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/ns5:italic>\n                    (MG) and\n                    <ns5:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/ns5:italic>\n                    (TV) was also included. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the cytokine levels between NG-infected and uninfected individuals. Data was analyzed using STATA ver. 15.1. Results Overall, systemic IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 were elevated while genital IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 were lower in NG positive participants. On subgroup analysis disaggregated by sex, the levels of genital IL-1b and IL-6 and systemic IL-6 were elevated in NG-infected men. None of the genital cytokines were elevated in NG-infected women, while all systemic cytokines, except IFN-\u03b3 , were elevated in NG-infected women. Conclusion\n                    <ns5:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns5:italic>\n                    induced the production of different cytokines in men and women, with men having a pro-inflammatory genital response. These differences should be taken into consideration during development of various interventions e.g. vaccine development.\n                  <\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13351.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T08:50:06Z","timestamp":1698742206000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openresafrica.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic and Mucosal Concentrations of Nine Cytokines Among Individuals with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in Nairobi Kenya"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Maina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-3167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Mureithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kiiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunturu","family":"Revathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0128-6","article-title":"Gonorrhoea.","volume":"5","author":"M Unemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.15647.r30356, Charles D. Kato, School of Bio-Security, Biotechnical & Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources & Bio-Security, Makerere University, Kampala, 14 Nov 2023, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/openresearchafrica.org\/articles\/5-12\/v2#referee-response-30356","order":0,"name":"referee-response-30356","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/aasopenres.15647.r30357, Won Fen Wong, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, 28 Dec 2023, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/openresearchafrica.org\/articles\/5-12\/v2#referee-response-30357","order":1,"name":"referee-response-30357","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}