{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:09Z","timestamp":1772168769733,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.1-23.v1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]],"date-time":"2012-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352332800000}}],"reference-count":23,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]],"date-time":"2012-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352332800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Objective:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    To review the strength of evidence that links many health hazards to female genital cutting.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Material and methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Literature search in Medline\/Pubmed and Google scholar.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Female genital cutting is still practiced secretly in both underdeveloped and developed countries due to prevailing strong traditional beliefs. There is insufficient evidence to support the claims that genital cutting is a harmful procedure if performed by experienced personnel in a suitable theatre with facilities for pain control and anesthesia. Cutting, however, is advised not to go beyond type I.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Law makers around the globe are invited to review the legal situation in relation to female genital cutting. Proper counseling of parents about possible risks is a must in order to make informed decision about circumcising their daughters. The procedure should be offered to parents who insist on it; otherwise, they will do it illegally, exposing their daughters to possible complications.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.1-23.v2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1369818148000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Female circumcision: Limiting the harm"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kandil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation: A practical Guide to worldwide Laws and Policies Worldwide.","author":"A Rahman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-2","article-title":"Female genital mutilation."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128-31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.03.024","article-title":"Protecting girls and women from harmful practices affecting their health: Are we making progress?","volume":"106","author":"J Cottingham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"ref-4","first-page":"22-28","article-title":"Eliminating Female genital mutilation \u2013 An interagency statement (OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO), World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Female genital mutilation.","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490-4","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000183528.18728.57","article-title":"Female genital mutilation.","volume":"17","author":"E Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509-10","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105963","article-title":"Vulvar epithelial inclusion cyst as a late complication of childhood female traditional genital surgery.","volume":"183","author":"G Kroll","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666-78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00620.x","article-title":"Pleasure and Orgasm in Women with Female Genital Mutilation\/Cutting (FGM\/C).","volume":"4","author":"L Catania","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-9","first-page":"pp.119-20","article-title":"Judging Other Cultures: The Case of Genital Mutilation.","author":"M Nussbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex and Soc Justice."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375-392","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498909551521","article-title":"The Sexual Experience and Marital Adjustment of Genitally Circumcised and Infibulated Females in the Sudan.","volume":"26","author":"H Lightfoot-Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Sex Res."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12-9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1341-8076.2003.00065.x","article-title":"Defective sexuality and female circumcision: the cause and the possible management.","volume":"29","author":"S Thabet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.191.4.369","article-title":"The Science of Orgasm.","author":"B Komisaruk","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187-200","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230590513401","article-title":"Are orgasms in the mind of the body? Psychosocial versus physiological correlates of orgasmic pleasure and satisfaction.","volume":"31","author":"K Mah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225-29","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820802547087","article-title":"Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm.","volume":"29","author":"I Utz-Billing","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385-91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67023-7","article-title":"Primary infertility after genital mutilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case-control study.","volume":"366","author":"L Almroth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835-41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68805-3","article-title":"Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries.","volume":"367","author":"E Banks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255-65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00028-0","article-title":"Female circumcision and obstetric complications.","volume":"77","author":"U Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255-8","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i5.9049","article-title":"Impact of female genital mutilation on maternal and neonatal outcomes during parturition.","volume":"78","author":"L Hakim","year":"2001","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-31","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxn010","article-title":"Adjusting for selection bias in retrospective, case-control studies.","volume":"10","author":"S Geneletti","year":"2009 Jan","journal-title":"Biostatistics."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124-27","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38873.649074.55","article-title":"Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study.","volume":"333","author":"S Elmusharaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-21","article-title":"Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?","author":"D Richards","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref-22","first-page":"479-482","article-title":"The risk of medical complications after female circumcision.","volume":"69","author":"M Dirie","year":"1992","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"ref-23","first-page":"pp. 7-11","article-title":"The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in Arab World Women of Arab World,","author":"N El Saadawi","year":"1980"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T13:35:51Z","timestamp":1543584951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"references-count":23,"aliases":["10.12688\/f1000research.1-23.v1","10.3410\/f1000research.1-23.v1","10.3410\/f1000research.1-23.v2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.1-23.v2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.600.r500","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.600.r500","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.122.r312, Ahmed Fetouh, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University for Girls, Cairo, Egypt, 11 Oct 2012, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v1#referee-response-312","order":0,"name":"referee-response-312","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.122.r314, Hisham Kandil, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairi, Egypt, 16 Oct 2012, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v1#referee-response-314","order":1,"name":"referee-response-314","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.600.r500, Ali Akoum, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec, PQ, Canada, 19 Nov 2012, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2#referee-response-500","order":2,"name":"referee-response-500","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Mohamed Kandil<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 24 Dec 2012<\/i>; In reply to Malcolm Griffiths Thank you for your comment. In fact these 2 statements are not contradictory if you consider the title \u201climiting the harm\u201d. It is true that I said in my conclusion that parents who INSIST should be allowed to do so. This is applicable to poor and illiterate societies where the traditions cannot be overcome by law. In such societies, when doctors refuse to perform the procedure, the child is usually taken to a barber who performs the procedure with unsterilized razors with possible catastrophes to the young girls. In this situation and only in this situation, which is better? To allow medical professionals to perform the procedure with the mildest possible degree (\u201ctype 1\u201d ) or leave it to a barber to perform it? That is the message I am trying to convey. I agree with you that a civilized mother or father would not agree to perform the procedure for his\/her daughter but an illiterate parent would, especially in areas where illiteracy rates exceed 60% and together especially when extreme poverty and social traditions prevail.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2#article-response-108","order":3,"name":"article-response-108","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"<b>Malcolm Griffiths<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 29 Nov 2012<\/i>; The author states that he does not condone FGM, yet in his conclusions he says:&quot;Those who insist on circumcising their daughters should be allowed to do so, but advised not to exceed type I cutting&quot;. These two statements are absolutely contradictory. No civilised father or mother would seek to abuse their daughter by forcing her into FGM. The practice is abhorent and this piece pays lip-service to FGM.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2#article-response-67","order":4,"name":"article-response-67","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"<b>Robert Van Howe<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 08 Nov 2012<\/i>; I applaud the courage of the editorial staff in publishing this important opinion piece. In 2010 the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics concluded that forms of female genital cutting that were less invasive than the commonly practiced form of male genital cutting were acceptable, even though such forms of FGC were illegal in the United States. One has to wonder if a series of poorly designed studies found a &quot;significant&quot; association between FGC and a lowered risk of UTIs, some forms of STDs, and HIV infection if the AAP would need to change their position and state that the benefits outweigh the risks?The hypocrisy in the United States of promoting male genital cutting, but outlawing female genital cutting is palpable. European nations are beginning to understand that genital cutting on non-consenting minors, regardless of sex, is a human rights violation. Neither the 2010 AAP statement on FGC or their 2012 statement of male genital cutting addressed the issue of the child's basic human right to bodily integrity and security of person. This may be because key panel members do no believe that infants and children have basic human rights, but are merely the property of their parents. Instead they left the most effective arrow in their quiver. The strongest argument against the cutting of the genitals in non-consenting minors is that it violates a basic human right. The medical aspects are secondary. It is my opinion that the AAP didn't mention human rights when talking about FGC is because they would then be compelled to discuss human rights when talking about male genital cutting. They didn't want to go down that path because cutting the foreskin off male infants is a multi-million dollar business.Finally, I would direct the author to an article by Sarah Waldeck that demonstrates how cultural values can skew how we interpret medical information.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-23\/v2#article-response-68","order":5,"name":"article-response-68","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":6,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}