{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:27:04Z","timestamp":1784831224798,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), discovered in 1957, is a member of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) complex. Diseases caused by members of the TBEV complex occur in many parts of the world. KFDV produces a hemorrhagic fever in humans in South India and fatal illnesses in both species of monkeys in the area, the black faced langur (Presbytis entellus) and the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). Experimental infection of the langur and the bonnet macaque with early mouse passage KFDV strain P9605 resulted in a viremia of up to 11 days duration, peak viremia titers as high as 10\n                    <ns4:sup>9<\/ns4:sup>\n                    , and death in 82 = 100% of the animals. Prolonged passage of the KFDV strain P9605 in monkey kidney tissue culture resulted in a markedly reduced virulence of the virus for both species; peak viremia titers in monkeys decreased by 2.5 to 4.0 log LD 50 (p= 0.001), and the mortality decreased to 10% (p= 0.001). In challenge experiments, monkeys previously infected with tissue-culture-adapted KFDV, or with the related Langat virus from Malaysia, were fully protected against virulent KFDV. These studies in non-human primates lend support to the idea that a live virus vaccine from a member of the TBEV complex may be broadly protective against infections by other members of the TBEV complex.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.1-61.v1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T12:23:43Z","timestamp":1368102223000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Kyasanur forest disease virus: viremia and challenge studies in monkeys with evidence of cross-protection by Langat virus infection"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Keerti V","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandu N","family":"Dandawate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravin N","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317-371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61008-0","article-title":"Tick-borne flaviviruses.","volume":"61","author":"T Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res."},{"key":"ref-2","first-page":"248-279","article-title":"Russian spring-summer virus in India: Kyasanur Forest disease.","volume":"1","author":"T Work","year":"1958","journal-title":"Perspect Med Virol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179-181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90215-7","article-title":"Isolation of a flavivirus related to the tick-borne encephalitis complex from human cases in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"91","author":"A Zaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-4","first-page":"296-299","article-title":"The Alkhurma virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus): an emerging pathogen responsible for hemorrhage fever in the Middle East.","volume":"63","author":"R Charrel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326-328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080979","article-title":"Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China.","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"Studies towards the development of a vaccine against Kyasanur forest disease","author":"K Shah","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref-7","first-page":"162-174","article-title":"Evaluation of the field experience with formalin-inactivated mouse brain vaccine of Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus against Kyasanur Forest disease.","volume":"50","author":"K Shah","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-8","first-page":"240-8","article-title":"Studies of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. II. Disease and immune responses in man following accidental infection with Kyasanur Forest disease virus.","volume":"88","author":"L Morse","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-9","first-page":"363-73","article-title":"Viral infections in laboratory personnel.","volume":"69","author":"K Banerjee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-10","first-page":"153-161","article-title":"Serological response to Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus vaccine as measured with Kyasanur Forest disease virus.","volume":"50","author":"K Pavri","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-11","first-page":"152-158","article-title":"Field evaluation of formalin inactivated Kyasanur forest disease virus tissue culture vaccine in three districts of Karnataka state.","volume":"99","author":"C Dandawate","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581-582","DOI":"10.1038\/178581a0","article-title":"A virus resembling Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus from an Ixodid tick in Malaya.","volume":"178","author":"C Smith","year":"1956","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561-573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.561","article-title":"Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses.","volume":"7","author":"D Clarke","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-14","first-page":"199-205","article-title":"Attenuation of a strain of Kyasanur Forest disease virus for mice.","volume":"59","author":"P Bhatt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399-409","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(92)90083-Z","article-title":"Infection of Macaca radiata with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis group.","volume":"13","author":"R Kenyon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"ref-16","first-page":"497-510","article-title":"Epizootiology of Kyasanur Forest Disease in wild monkeys of Shimoga district, Mysore State (1957\u20131964).","volume":"62","author":"M Goverdhan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810-814","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90390-1","article-title":"The epizootics of Kyasanur Forest disease in wild monkeys during 1964 to 1973.","volume":"80","author":"M Sreenivasan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284-298","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90067-0","article-title":"Kyasanur forest disease: a general clinical study in which some cases with neurological complications were observed.","volume":"55","author":"H Webb","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-19","first-page":"124-130","article-title":"Clinical study of 100 cases of Kyasanur Forest disease with clinicopathological correlation.","volume":"47","author":"P Adhikari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325-331","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90296-3","article-title":"Clinical and pathological observations with special reference to the nervous system in Macaca radiata infected with Kyasanur Forest Disease virus.","volume":"60","author":"H Webb","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-21","first-page":"266-269","article-title":"Clinical picture in M. rhesus monkeys infected with various strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus","author":"V Ilyenko","year":"1962","journal-title":"Czechoslovak Acad Sci, Praha."},{"key":"ref-22","first-page":"303-310","article-title":"Relative avirulence in laboratory rodents of the Malayan virus, TP 21","author":"K Shah","year":"1962","journal-title":"Czechoslovak Acad Sci, Praha."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133-43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.067","article-title":"Comparison of live and inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines for safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"24","author":"A Rumyantsev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511-517","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196707000-00012","article-title":"Neuropathological changes following treatment of human malignant disease with Langat virus.","volume":"26","author":"J Burston","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288-300","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0846","article-title":"Infectious cDNA clone of attenuated Langat tick-borne flavivirus (strain E5) and a 3' deletion mutant constructed from it exhibit decreased neuroinvasiveness in immunodeficient mice.","volume":"282","author":"A Pletnev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469-509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61013-4","article-title":"Chimeric flaviviruses: novel vaccines against dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis.","volume":"61","author":"C Lai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus 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Freiberg, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA, 19 Dec 2012, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/1-61\/v1#referee-response-396","order":2,"name":"referee-response-396","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The Virus Research Center (renamed National Institute of Virology) was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi and the Rockefeller Foundation, New York.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}