{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:44:00Z","timestamp":1782513840698,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>The development of medications for treating persons with opioid use disorders has expanded the number of evidence-based treatment options, particularly for persons with the most severe disorders. It has also improved outcomes compared to psychosocial treatment alone and expanded treatment availability by increasing the number of physicians involved in treatment and the settings where patients can be treated. The medications include methadone, buprenorphine, buprenorphine\/naloxone, and extended-release injectable naltrexone. Studies have shown that they are most effective when used over an extended, but as-yet-unspecified, period of time and with counseling and other services, particularly for the many with psychosocial problems. Though controversial in some cultures, well-designed studies in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Canada have demonstrated the efficacy of supervised heroin injecting for persons who responded poorly to other treatments, and this treatment option has been approved by Switzerland and a few other E.U. countries. The degree to which medication-assisted therapies are available is dependent on many variables, including national and local regulations, preferences of individual providers and their geographical location, treatment costs, and insurance policies. Greater availability of medication-assisted therapies has become a major focus in the U.S. and Canada, where there has been a marked increase in deaths associated with heroin and prescription opioid use. This paper provides a brief summary of these developments.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10184.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T12:10:05Z","timestamp":1485519005000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in the treatment of opioid use disorders"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George E.","family":"Woody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77-88","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S18969","article-title":"Differences in onset and abuse\/dependence episodes between prescription opioids and heroin: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.","volume":"2011","author":"L Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261-78","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269702700206","article-title":"An Effective Model of Prison-Based Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders.","volume":"27","author":"J Inciardi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"447-462","article-title":"Therapeutic communities.","author":"G DeLeon","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708-11","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03150120042009","article-title":"Successful treatment of 750 criminal addicts.","volume":"206","author":"V Dole","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363-72","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(85)90067-5","article-title":"Buprenorphine.","volume":"14","author":"J Lewis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501-16","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770280111012","article-title":"Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine: a potential agent for treating narcotic addiction.","volume":"35","author":"D Jasinski","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2750-5","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480200058024","article-title":"A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence.","volume":"267","author":"R Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569-80","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.71","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: ceiling effects at high doses.","volume":"55","author":"S Walsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143-8","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S53170","article-title":"Management of opioid addiction with buprenorphine: French history and current management.","volume":"7","author":"P Polomeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med."},{"key":"ref-10","article-title":"DATA 2000 (Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000)."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817-23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013579","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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