{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:03:57Z","timestamp":1792670637926,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Lyssaviruses are bullet-shaped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses and the causative agents of the ancient zoonosis rabies. Africa is the likely home to the ancestors of taxa residing within the Genus<ns4:italic>Lyssavirus<\/ns4:italic>, Family<ns4:italic>Rhabdoviridae<\/ns4:italic>. Diverse lyssaviruses are envisioned as co-evolving with bats, as the ultimate reservoirs, over seemingly millions of years. In terms of relative distribution, overt abundance, and resulting progeny, rabies virus is the most successful lyssavirus species today, but for unknown reasons. All mammals are believed to be susceptible to rabies virus infection. Besides reservoirs among the Chiroptera, meso-carnivores also serve as major historical hosts and are represented among the canids, raccoons, skunks, mongooses, and ferret badgers. \u00a0Perpetuating as a disease of nature with the mammalian central nervous system as niche, host breadth alone precludes any candidacy for true eradication. Despite having the highest case fatality of any infectious disease and a burden in excess of or comparative to other major zoonoses, rabies remains neglected. Once illness appears, no treatment is proven to prevent death. Paradoxically, vaccines were developed more than a century ago, but the clear majority of human cases are unvaccinated. Tens of millions of people are exposed to suspect rabid animals and tens of thousands succumb annually, primarily children in developing countries, where canine rabies is enzootic. Rather than culling animal populations, one of the most cost-effective strategies to curbing human fatalities is the mass vaccination of dogs. Building on considerable progress to date, several complementary actions are needed in the near future, including a more harmonized approach to viral taxonomy, enhanced de-centralized laboratory-based surveillance, focal pathogen discovery and characterization, applied pathobiological research for therapeutics, improved estimates of canine populations at risk, actual production of required vaccines and related biologics, strategies to maximize prevention but minimize unnecessary human prophylaxis, and a long-term, realistic plan for sustained global program support to achieve success in disease control, prevention, and elimination.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10416.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T20:20:29Z","timestamp":1489090829000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Lyssaviruses and rabies: current conundrums, concerns, contradictions and controversies"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Kuzmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Meslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004664","article-title":"Evolution of genome size and complexity in the rhabdoviridae.","volume":"11","author":"P Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351-60","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2880-1","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016.","volume":"161","author":"C Afonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909-19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0831-9","article-title":"A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials.","volume":"155","author":"M Van Regenmortel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1583-5","article-title":"Virus species polemics: 14 senior virologists oppose a proposed change to the ICTV definition of virus species.","volume":"158","author":"M Van Regenmortel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793-5","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121071","article-title":"Novel lyssavirus in bat, Spain.","volume":"19","author":"N Ar\u00e9chiga Ceballos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456-9","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151986","article-title":"Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka.","volume":"22","author":"P Gunawardena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3268-76","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.7.3268-3276.2001","article-title":"Evidence of two Lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity.","volume":"75","author":"H Badrane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025-32","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.061952-0","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic characterization of a divergent African virus, Ikoma lyssavirus.","volume":"95","author":"D Horton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686-714","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384684-6.00057-4","article-title":"Family Rhabdoviridae","author":"R Dietzgen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref-10","first-page":"7","article-title":"Expert consultation on rabies. 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