{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:07Z","timestamp":1772168827700,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10714.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10714.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), Brazil","award":["303822\/2010-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303822\/2010-4"]}]},{"name":"Federal University of Paraiba"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:italic>Background:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD).\n                    <ns4:italic>Methods:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (\n                    <ns4:italic>n<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (\n                    <ns4:italic>n<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (\n                    <ns4:italic>n<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this test, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector.\n                    <ns4:italic>Results:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths.\n                    <ns4:italic>Conclusions:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    These results suggests that cigarette smoking, chronic exposure to its compounds, and withdrawal from nicotine affect color discrimination. This highlights the importance of understanding the diverse effects of nicotine on attentional bias.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10714.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T11:05:23Z","timestamp":1501585523000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of color discrimination in chronic heavy smokers and healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Thiago Monteiro de Paiva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia Leandro","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7708-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natanael Antonio","family":"dos 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Brazil (grant no., 303822\/2010-4), CAPES and Federal University of Paraiba funded this paper. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}