{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:18Z","timestamp":1772168778512,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11534.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000}}],"reference-count":27,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Mineral hydrocarbons consist of two fractions, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). MOAH is a potential public health hazard because it may include carcinogenic polycyclic compounds. In the present study, 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was introduced, in the context of official controls, to measure MOSH and MOAH in raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon final products (cosmetics and medicinal products). Quantitative determination (qNMR) has been established using the ERETIC methodology (electronic reference to access\n                    <ns4:italic>in vivo<\/ns4:italic>\n                    concentrations) based on the PULCON principle (pulse length based concentration determination). Various mineral hydrocarbons (e.g., white oils, paraffins or petroleum jelly) were dissolved in deuterated chloroform. The ERETIC factor was established using a quantification reference sample containing ethylbenzene and tetrachloronitrobenzene. The following spectral regions were integrated: MOSH \u03b4 3.0 \u2013 0.2 ppm and MOAH \u03b4 9.2 - 6.5, excluding solvent signals. Validation showed a sufficient precision of the method with a coefficient of variation &lt;6% and a limit of detection &lt;0.1 g\/100 g. The applicability of the method was proven by analysing 27 authentic samples with MOSH and MOAH contents in the range of 90-109 g\/100 g and 0.02-1.10 g\/100\u00a0g, respectively. It is important to distinguish this new NMR-approach from the hyphenated liquid chromatography-gas chromatography methodology previously used to characterize MOSH\/MOAH amounts in cosmetic products. For mineral hydrocarbon raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetic products, NMR delivers higher specificity without any sample preparation besides dilution. Our sample survey shows that previous methods may have overestimated the MOAH amount in mineral oil products and opens new paths to characterize this fraction. Therefore, the developed method can be applied for routine monitoring of consumer products aiming to minimize public health risks.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11534.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1503392417000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3115-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk W.","family":"Lachenmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Mildau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Rullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan G.","family":"Walch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kuballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713-9","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.2829","article-title":"Evidence for cosmetics as a source of mineral oil contamination in women.","volume":"20","author":"N Concin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312-21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.04.029","article-title":"Mineral oil in human tissues, Part I: concentrations and molecular mass distributions.","volume":"72","author":"L Barp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2704","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food.","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56-75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.05.095","article-title":"On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: method of analysis.","volume":"1255","author":"M Biedermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A."},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Foodstuffs - Vegetable oils and foodstuff on basis of vegetable oils - Determination of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) with on-line HPLC-GC-FID analysis; German and English version EN 16995:2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147239","article-title":"Estrogenic Activity of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons Used in Printing Inks.","volume":"11","author":"P Tarnow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.724","article-title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain.","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473-88","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2015.1130863","article-title":"Analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons migrating from a polyolefin-based hot-melt adhesive into food.","volume":"33","author":"M Lommatzsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(00)00123-X","article-title":"PONA analyses of cracked gasoline by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Part II.","volume":"80","author":"A Sarpal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6877-81","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2014827","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify pine nuts that cause taste disturbance.","volume":"59","author":"H Kobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.08.024","article-title":"Determination of the purity of pharmaceutical reference materials by 1H NMR using the standardless PULCON methodology.","volume":"100","author":"Y Monakhova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77-85","DOI":"10.1255\/mrfs.15","article-title":"A discussion about the potentials and pitfalls of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy in food science and beyond","volume":"16","author":"D 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NMR Method Development and Validation - Part I: Identification and Quantification","author":"T Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827-36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-016-0643-y","article-title":"Automated Multicomponent Analysis of Soft Drinks Using 1D 1H and 2D 1H-1H J-resolved NMR Spectroscopy.","volume":"10","author":"S Ackermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods."},{"key":"ref-18","first-page":"5201-2","article-title":"Vaselinum album.","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ph Eur."},{"key":"ref-19","article-title":"Mineral\u00f6le in Kosmetika: Gesundheitliche Risiken sind nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand bei einer Aufnahme \u00fcber die Haut nicht zu erwarten","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-20","article-title":"Lippenpflegeprodukte\/Mineralparaffine (MOSH\/MOAH) und allergene Duftstoffe [in German]","author":"M 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Toxicol."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5256\/f1000research.11534.d161209","article-title":"Dataset 1 in: Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy.","author":"D Lachenmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T08:43:18Z","timestamp":1544085798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.11534.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13471.r25257","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13471.r25257","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.12458.r22775, Markus Niederer, State Laboratory Basel-City, Basel, Switzerland, 01 Jun 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v1#referee-response-22775","order":0,"name":"referee-response-22775","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Dirk Lachenmeier<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 16 Aug 2017<\/i>; We would like to thank the reviewer for his time and constructive feedback.  As requested the discussion was supplemented with mentioning the possibilities of LC-GCxGC-MS.&nbsp; The section was moved from the discussion to the conclusion as requested.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2#referee-comment-2958","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-2958","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.13471.r25257, Lanfranco S. Conte, Sabrina Moret, Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy, 22 Aug 2017, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2#referee-response-25257","order":2,"name":"referee-response-25257","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.12458.r23855, Richard H. Stadler, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestl\u00e9 Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland, 28 Jun 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v1#referee-response-23855","order":3,"name":"referee-response-23855","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Dirk Lachenmeier<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 16 Aug 2017<\/i>; We thank the referee for his insight and providing suggestions to improve our paper.  Regarding direct comparisons between LC-GC-FID and NMR, the referee is correct that direct comparisons of same samples would be preferable. Actually, we have recently purchased the necessary LC-GC-FID equipment, but are still establishing and validating the procedure, which was more challenging than expected. At the current stage, we can therefore not provide the data comparison for all our samples. However three samples, which we had obtained from another laboratory with LC-GC-FID capabilities, confirmed our assumptions. The LC-GC-FID MOAH was 0.8-6.9% while the NMR MOAH was 0.3-1.0%. The LC-GC-FID MOSH was 53-61% while the NMR MOSH was 101-102%. These limited results strengthen our assumption that LC-GC-FID may overestimate MOAH and underestimate MOSH. However, much more samples are needed for a robust conclusion.&nbsp; Thank you for the suggestions. The text suggestion and reference were added as requested.&nbsp; The referee is right that NMR is not appropriate to determine PAH4 due to the required sensitivity (e.g. the DIN EN 16143 procedure using double LC cleaning and GC\/MS analysis has a working range of 0.1-15 mg\/kg for petroleum products, which cannot be reached by NMR). Nevertheless, NMR would offer the selectivity to distinguish the PAH4 if they should occur at levels above about 0.01%. A sentence was added to the discussion that NMR is not offering sensitivity for targeted quantification of PAH.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-682\/v2#referee-comment-2956","order":4,"name":"referee-comment-2956","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}