{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:48:06Z","timestamp":1791460086896,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Musikforl\u00e6ggerne Agnes"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Knut M\u00f8rk\u2019s Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002918","name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is often observed together with other autoimmune diseases. The coexistence of two or more autoimmune diseases in the same patient is\u00a0referred\u00a0to as polyautoimmunity, and AITD is the autoimmune disease most frequently involved. The occurrence of polyautoimmunity has led to the hypothesis that the affected patients suffer from a generalized dysregulation of their immune system. The present review summarizes recent discoveries\u00a0unravelling\u00a0the immunological mechanisms involved in autoimmunity, ranging from natural autoimmunity to disease-specific autoimmunity. Furthermore, the clinical grounds for considering AITD in a setting of polyautoimmunity are explored. A better understanding of these\u00a0may pave the way for designing new treatment modalities targeting the underlying immune dysregulation when AITD appears in the context of polyautoimmunity.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11535.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T08:55:05Z","timestamp":1506588905000},"page":"1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Recent advances in understanding autoimmune thyroid disease: the tallest tree in the forest of polyautoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Bliddal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus Henrik","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Feldt-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Autoimmunity to the Thyroid Gland.","author":"A Weetman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/254319","article-title":"Introducing polyautoimmunity: secondary autoimmune diseases no longer exist.","volume":"2012","author":"A Rojas-Villarraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"250-275","article-title":"Verh Ges Dtsch Naturforsch","volume":"1","author":"P Ehrlich","year":"1902"},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105-14","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2180.1105","article-title":"The Huxley Lecture on Recent Studies of Immunity, with Special Reference to their Bearing on Pathology: Delivered at the Opening of the Winter Session of Charing Cross Hospital Medical School on October 1st, 1902.","volume":"2","author":"W Welch","year":"1902","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"ref-5","first-page":"577-589","article-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur","volume":"14","author":"S Metalnikoff","year":"1900"},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.01.006","article-title":"Natural autoantibodies in the physiology and pathophysiology of the immune system.","volume":"41","author":"S Avrameas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165-72","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.12.4165","article-title":"Probing the normal and autoimmune B cell repertoire with Epstein-Barr virus. Frequency of B cells producing monoreactive high affinity autoantibodies in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"141","author":"M Nakamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499-510","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(93)90458-N","article-title":"IgG auto- and polyreactivities of normal human sera.","volume":"30","author":"A Berneman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116-32","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3461-0_9","article-title":"Immunoregulation by naturally occurring and disease-associated autoantibodies: binding to cytokines and their role in regulation of T-cell responses.","volume":"750","author":"C Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664-8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03245.x","article-title":"Epitope recognition patterns of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in healthy individuals and patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis*.","volume":"69","author":"C Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113-6","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.113","article-title":"Positive selection of natural autoreactive B cells.","volume":"285","author":"K Hayakawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229-39","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90331-X","article-title":"Negative selection of lymphocytes.","volume":"76","author":"G Nossal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249-56","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90420-J","article-title":"Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity.","volume":"63","author":"S Webb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43-51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.10.002","article-title":"Naturally occurring auto-antibodies in homeostasis and disease.","volume":"30","author":"H Lutz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190-6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01712.x","article-title":"Polyreactivity is a property of natural and disease-associated human autoantibodies.","volume":"38","author":"V Hurez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060-1","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3011","article-title":"Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism is antibody-mediated but is predominantly a Th1-type cytokine disease.","volume":"99","author":"B Rapoport","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953-62","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1719","article-title":"Increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th17 lymphocytes in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"95","author":"N Figueroa-Vega","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435-44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.011","article-title":"Regulatory immune cells and functions in autoimmunity and transplantation immunology.","volume":"16","author":"G Papp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.04.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmune disease: the role of cellular mechanisms.","volume":"63","author":"A Ramos-Lev\u00ed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68-76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.010","article-title":"Naturally-existing CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are required for tolerance to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis induced by either exogenous or endogenous autoantigen.","volume":"33","author":"G Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0759-7","article-title":"T regulatory (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes in thyroid autoimmunity.","volume":"52","author":"R Gonz\u00e1lez-Amaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28-50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00420.x","article-title":"Interleukin-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T cells in rodents and humans.","volume":"212","author":"M Roncarolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338-44","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1180","article-title":"Mechanisms of suppression by suppressor T cells.","volume":"6","author":"H von Boehmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20-1","DOI":"10.1038\/83713","article-title":"The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3.","volume":"27","author":"C Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276-84","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24685","article-title":"The role of 2 FOXP3 isoforms in the generation of human CD4+ Tregs.","volume":"115","author":"S Allan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58-69","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12557","article-title":"Altered balance between self-reactive T helper (Th)17 cells and Th10 cells and between full-length forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and FoxP3 splice variants in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"180","author":"B Kristensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639-50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.017","article-title":"A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses.","volume":"28","author":"K Yanaba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243-50","DOI":"10.1159\/000343834","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis one century after hashimoto.","volume":"1","author":"A Weetman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-15","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399405009981","article-title":"HLA, CTLA-4 and PTPN22: The shared genetic master-key to autoimmunity?","volume":"7","author":"O Brand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-312","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141532","article-title":"Aire.","volume":"27","author":"D Mathis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389-95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-010-9317-5","article-title":"Analysis of thyroglobulin gene polymorphisms in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"37","author":"M Caputo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.003","article-title":"Unraveling the genetics of autoimmunity.","volume":"140","author":"L Zenewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0525-x","article-title":"Novel and rare functional genomic variants in multiple autoimmune syndrome and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"A Johar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.021","article-title":"Candidate gene discovery in autoimmunity by using extreme phenotypes, next generation sequencing and whole exome capture.","volume":"14","author":"A Johar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897-901","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.898","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies two new risk loci for Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"43","author":"X Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878-82","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1265","article-title":"Susceptibility influence of a PTPN22 haplotype with thyroid autoimmunity in Koreans.","volume":"27","author":"H Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65-72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.05.003","article-title":"Definition of mutations in polyautoimmunity.","volume":"72","author":"A Johar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171-80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.003","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.","volume":"15","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896-902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2008.00889.x","article-title":"Higher FoxP3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of GAD65 or IA-2 autoantibody-positive compared with autoantibody-negative persons.","volume":"116","author":"M Link","year":"2008","journal-title":"APMIS."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387-96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02848.x","article-title":"FoxP3 mRNA splice forms in synovial CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.","volume":"120","author":"L Ryder","year":"2012","journal-title":"APMIS."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79-86","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.200","article-title":"Mechanisms leading from systemic autoimmunity to joint-specific disease in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"13","author":"A Catrina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111-8","DOI":"10.4161\/chim.25055","article-title":"Fetal microchimeric cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases: harmful, beneficial or innocent for the thyroid gland?","volume":"4","author":"T Lepez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chimerism."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121-30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.005","article-title":"Maternal microchimerism in health and disease.","volume":"31","author":"A Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154621","article-title":"Effects of the Commercial Flame Retardant Mixture DE-71 on Cytokine Production by Human Immune Cells.","volume":"11","author":"T Mynster Kronborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.12.004","article-title":"Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases.","volume":"28","author":"N Gleicher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457-64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04318.x","article-title":"Twin studies as a model for exploring the aetiology of autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"76","author":"T Brix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239-47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1984.tb00861.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"39","author":"K Bech","year":"1984","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"ref-48","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Graves\u2019 Disease.","author":"L DeGroot","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-51","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030","article-title":"The epidemiology of thyroid disease.","volume":"99","author":"M Vanderpump","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med Bull."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120-6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04008.x","article-title":"A cautious iodization programme bringing iodine intake to a low recommended level is associated with an increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population.","volume":"75","author":"I Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"J81-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.06.004","article-title":"Childbirths and risk of female predominant and other autoimmune diseases in a population-based Danish cohort.","volume":"38","author":"K J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29-38","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02060","article-title":"The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: a study of healthy Danish twins.","volume":"154","author":"P Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36-42","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01633.x","article-title":"Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in a large survey of populations with mild and moderate iodine deficiency.","volume":"58","author":"I Pedersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323-31","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939908994752","article-title":"Thyrotropin stimulates specifically the expression of the autoantibody binding domains of the thyroperoxidase molecule.","volume":"29","author":"A Rasmussen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Autoimmunity."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552-65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves' Disease.","volume":"375","author":"T Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439-47","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1957.02980130015004","article-title":"Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization.","volume":"164","author":"E WITEBSKY","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147-54","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1997.11443469","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases: tracing the shared threads.","volume":"32","author":"N Rose","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hosp Pract (1995)."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254-6","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.3.254","article-title":"Polyautoimmunity in a young woman.","volume":"32","author":"N Sheehan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256-64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-012-8317-z","article-title":"The multiple autoimmune syndromes. A clue for the autoimmune tautology.","volume":"43","author":"J Anaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref-60","first-page":"159-68","article-title":"[Multiple autoimmune syndromes].","volume":"139","author":"P Humbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne (Paris)."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068-79","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030158","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes.","volume":"350","author":"G Eisenbarth","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568-74","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8564","article-title":"AIRE mutations and human leukocyte antigen genotypes as determinants of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy phenotype.","volume":"87","author":"M Halonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618-23","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8192","article-title":"Autoimmune adrenocortical failure in Norway autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen class II associations related to clinical features.","volume":"87","author":"A Myhre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.006","article-title":"Clustering and commonalities among autoimmune diseases.","volume":"33","author":"I Mackay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-45","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0398","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases in a large group of Hungarian patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.","volume":"19","author":"M Zeher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-1165-y","article-title":"Association of systemic and thyroid autoimmune diseases.","volume":"25","author":"E Bir\u00f3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861-5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346432","article-title":"Prevalence of interrelated autoantibodies in thyroid diseases and autoimmune disorders.","volume":"31","author":"H Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571-81","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37801","article-title":"Associations of autoantibodies, autoimmune risk alleles, and clinical diagnoses from the electronic medical records in rheumatoid arthritis cases and non-rheumatoid arthritis controls.","volume":"65","author":"K Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245-54","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939109007650","article-title":"Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disorders and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases.","volume":"9","author":"U Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Autoimmunity."},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.009","article-title":"The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: Review of the literature and report of a large series of patients.","volume":"15","author":"P Fallahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303-8","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1220303","article-title":"Autoantibodies to insulin do appear in non-diabetic patients with autoimmune disorders: comparison with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies and other autoimmune phenomena.","volume":"122","author":"U Di Mario","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183.e1-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.06.030","article-title":"Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"123","author":"K Boelaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789-94","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1172","article-title":"Clustering of additional autoimmunity behaves differently in Hashimoto's patients compared with Graves' patients.","volume":"164","author":"J Wiebolt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228-31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-009-8153-2","article-title":"The prevalence of 30 ICD-10 autoimmune diseases in Denmark.","volume":"47","author":"W Eaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"key":"ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.05.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of autoimmune diseases in Denmark.","volume":"29","author":"W Eaton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749-55","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn408","article-title":"Are individuals with an autoimmune disease at higher risk of a second autoimmune disorder?","volume":"169","author":"E Somers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91-7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349707","article-title":"Thyroid function and autoimmunity in pernicious anemia before and during cyanocobalamin treatment.","volume":"18","author":"M Ottesen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.049","article-title":"The diagnosis and clinical significance of polyautoimmunity.","volume":"13","author":"J Anaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751-7","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0394","article-title":"Increased progression of carotid intima media thickness in thyroid peroxidase antibodies-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients.","volume":"169","author":"H Raterman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194-205","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314560664","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and extent and progression of early atherosclerosis: Meta-analysis of individual-participant-data from 20 prospective studies of the PROG-IMT collaboration.","volume":"23","author":"P Willeit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol."},{"key":"ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111-5","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92784-Y","article-title":"Organ-specific cardiac antibodies: serological markers for systemic hypertension in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.","volume":"337","author":"A Caforio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795-813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.02.003","article-title":"14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force report on obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"G de Jesus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0420-x","article-title":"Associations between thyroid autoantibody status and abnormal pregnancy outcomes in euthyroid women.","volume":"48","author":"L Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d2616","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2616","article-title":"Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence.","volume":"342","author":"S Thangaratinam","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00283-4","article-title":"Effects of autoantibodies on the course of pregnancy and fetal growth.","volume":"90","author":"T Iijima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8-28","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12493","article-title":"Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage and Recurrent Implantation Failure: Is There a Place for Immunomodulation?","volume":"76","author":"A Mekinian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol."},{"key":"ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639-44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-004-1625-7","article-title":"Brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"31","author":"M Piga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466-76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.01.014","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: A rare proteiform disorder.","volume":"15","author":"G Montagna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186-92","DOI":"10.1159\/000342623","article-title":"Is Thyroid Autoimmunity per se a Determinant of Quality of Life in Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism?","volume":"1","author":"T Watt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173-8","DOI":"10.1159\/000365211","article-title":"Anxiety and depression are more prevalent in patients with graves' disease than in patients with nodular goitre.","volume":"3","author":"K Bov\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608-14","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090815","article-title":"Associated autoimmune diseases in systemic sclerosis define a subset of patients with milder disease: results from 2 large cohorts of European Caucasian patients.","volume":"37","author":"J Avouac","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438-43","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.2.3749","article-title":"Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases.","volume":"82","author":"M Marin\u00f3","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55-71","DOI":"10.1159\/000339444","article-title":"2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism.","volume":"1","author":"W Wiersinga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02429-0","article-title":"Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"354","author":"A Coles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661-72","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21146","article-title":"The clinical and physiological spectrum of interferon-alpha induced thyroiditis: toward a new classification.","volume":"43","author":"J Mandac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633-5","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.168","article-title":"Hepatitis C: thyroid dysfunction in patients with hepatitis C on IFN-alpha therapy.","volume":"6","author":"A Antonelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31168-79","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.247510","article-title":"Novel variant of thyroglobulin promoter triggers thyroid autoimmunity through an epigenetic interferon alpha-modulated mechanism.","volume":"286","author":"M Stefan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51-60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.02.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors.","volume":"44","author":"L Spain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361-75","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4075","article-title":"Endocrine side effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.","volume":"98","author":"S Corsello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00179","article-title":"Thyroid Autoimmunity and Function after Treatment with Biological Antirheumatic Agents in Rheumatoid Arthritis.","volume":"8","author":"S Bliddal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247-51","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100488","article-title":"Improvement of thyroid function in hypothyroid patients with rheumatoid arthritis after 6 months of adalimumab treatment: a pilot study.","volume":"38","author":"H Raterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709-10","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.709","article-title":"Treatment-resistant severe, active Graves' ophthalmopathy successfully treated with B lymphocyte depletion.","volume":"16","author":"D El Fassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061-78","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.7.7.1061","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Graves' ophthalmopathy the latest addition to an expanding family.","volume":"7","author":"C Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther."},{"key":"ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422-31","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3014","article-title":"Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"100","author":"M Salvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909-20","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.144998","article-title":"Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"70","author":"M Buch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676-88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.","volume":"358","author":"S Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143-52","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904452","article-title":"Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function.","volume":"361","author":"M Pescovitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748-61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614949","article-title":"Teprotumumab for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.","volume":"376","author":"T Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211555","article-title":"Novel therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: What can we learn from their use in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?","author":"K Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T09:13:49Z","timestamp":1693041229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"references-count":109,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.11535.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.12459.r26165","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.12459.r26164","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.12459.r26164, Maria Marazuela, Service of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigacion Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 28 Sep 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1#referee-response-26164","order":0,"name":"referee-response-26164","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.12459.r26165, Alessandro Antonelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, 56126, Italy, 28 Sep 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-1776\/v1#referee-response-26165","order":1,"name":"referee-response-26165","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"S. Bliddal is kindly supported by grants from the Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) and Musikforl\u00e6ggerne Agnes and Knut M\u00f8rk\u2019s Foundation. U. Feldt-Rasmussen is supported by a grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}