{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:01Z","timestamp":1772168761739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013935","name":"Partnership for Clean Competition","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Background: We hypothesize that prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein that it is under regulation by androgens, may be differentially expressed in female elite athletes in comparison to control women.<\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 106 female athletes and 114 sedentary age-matched controls.\u00a0 Serum from these women was analyzed for complexed prostate specific antigen (cPSA) and free prostate specific antigen (fPSA), by fifth generation assays with limits of detection of around 6 and 140 fg\/mL, respectively.\u00a0 A panel of estrogens, androgens and progesterone in the same serum was also quantified by tandem mass spectrometry.\u00a0<\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>Results: Both components of serum PSA (cPSA and fPSA) were lower in the elite athletes vs the control group (P=0.033 and 0.013, respectively).\u00a0 Furthermore, estrone (p=0.003) and estradiol (p=0.004) were significantly lower, and dehydroepiandrosterone\u00a0 (p=0.095) and 5-androstene-3\u03b2, 17\u03b2-diol (p=0.084) tended to be higher in the athletes vs controls. Oral contraceptive use was similar between groups and significantly associated with increased cPSA and fPSA in athletes (p= 0.046 and 0.009, respectively).\u00a0 PSA fractions were not significantly associated with progesterone changes. The Spearman correlation between cPSA and fPSA in both athletes and controls was 0.75 (P &lt; 0.0001) and 0.64 (P &lt; 0.0001), respectively.\u00a0<\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>Conclusions: Elite athletes have lower complexed and free PSA, higher levels of androgen precursors and lower levels of estrogen in their serum than sedentary control women.<\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    Abbreviations: cPSA, complexed PSA; fPSA, free PSA; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone, Testo, testosterone; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; PROG, progesterone; Delta 4, androstenedione; Delta 5, androst-5-ene-3\u03b2, 17\u03b2-diol; BMD, body mineral density; LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; ULOQ, upper limit of quantification; LOD, limit of detection; ACT, \u03b1\n                    <ns4:sub>1<\/ns4:sub>\n                    -antichymotrypsin\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11821.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T06:35:04Z","timestamp":1500273304000},"page":"1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum complexed and free prostate specific antigen levels are lower in female elite athletes in comparison to control women"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Eklund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1589-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios 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