{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:57:32Z","timestamp":1780624652701,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Premature ejaculation remains a difficult condition to manage for patients, their partners, and the clinician. Whilst prevalence rates are estimated to be 20\u201340%, determining a diagnosis of premature ejaculation is difficult, as the definition remains both subjective and ill-defined in the clinical context. As our understanding of the ejaculatory pathway has improved, new opportunities to treat the condition have evolved with mixed results. In this review, we explore some of these controversies surrounding the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition and discuss potential novel therapeutic options.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12150.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T05:35:19Z","timestamp":1512365719000},"page":"2084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Premature ejaculation: challenging new and the old concepts"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odunayo","family":"Kalejaiye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Almekaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Blecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suks","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111-9","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22655","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease.","volume":"29","author":"V Puppo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085-91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02729.x","article-title":"An e-mail and telephone helpline for sexual problems - results of a 2-year survey of men's sexual concerns.","volume":"65","author":"J Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267-81","DOI":"10.1080\/00926238608415413","article-title":"The epidemiology of the DSM-III psychosexual dysfunctions.","volume":"12","author":"S Nathan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.055","article-title":"Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: the global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors.","volume":"64","author":"A Nicolosi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492-7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00070.x","article-title":"A multinational population survey of intravaginal ejaculation latency time.","volume":"2","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888-95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01392.x","article-title":"A five-nation survey to assess the distribution of the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time among the general male population.","volume":"6","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508-12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00074.x","article-title":"Premature ejaculation--does country of origin tell us anything about etiology?","volume":"2","author":"D Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60-90","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.28","article-title":"An Update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine's Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation (PE).","volume":"2","author":"S Althof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540-8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02095.x","article-title":"Prevalence of the complaint of ejaculating prematurely and the four premature ejaculation syndromes: results from the Turkish Society of Andrology Sexual Health Survey.","volume":"8","author":"E Serefoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874-81","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12180","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with the complaint of premature ejaculation and the four premature ejaculation syndromes: a large observational study in China.","volume":"10","author":"J Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454-65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02507.x","article-title":"Premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction prevalence and attitudes in the Asia-Pacific region.","volume":"9","author":"C McMahon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327-33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01079.x","article-title":"Prevalence of ejaculatory disorders in urban men: results of a random-sample survey.","volume":"43","author":"I Vakalopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590-606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00901.x","article-title":"An evidence-based definition of lifelong premature ejaculation: report of the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) ad hoc committee for the definition of premature ejaculation.","volume":"5","author":"C McMahon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360-70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02269.x","article-title":"What do men and women ask a helpline on sexual concerns? Results of an Italian telephone counselling service.","volume":"64","author":"C Simonelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389-408","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541933","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions: a critical review of the empirical literature.","volume":"19","author":"I Spector","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447-72","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541858","article-title":"Rapid ejaculation: a review of conceptual, etiological, and treatment issues.","volume":"24","author":"G Grenier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452-7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09456.x","article-title":"The link between penile hypersensitivity and premature ejaculation.","volume":"107","author":"M Wyllie","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.09.029","article-title":"Delayed orgasm and anorgasmia.","volume":"104","author":"L Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359-67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64146-8","article-title":"The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation.","volume":"168","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506-17","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12272","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of epelsiban in the treatment of men with premature ejaculation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study.","volume":"10","author":"R Shinghal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-28","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12742","article-title":"Moderate role of oxytocin in the pro-ejaculatory effect of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT.","volume":"12","author":"T de Jong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381-90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01701.x","article-title":"Ontogenetic profile of the expression of thyroid hormone receptors in rat and human corpora cavernosa of the penis.","volume":"7","author":"E Carosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116-8","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015387818916","article-title":"The effect of thyroidectomy on the expression of the mRNA of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in the rat frontal cortex.","volume":"383","author":"A Kulikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dokl Biochem Biophys."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.018","article-title":"Chronic thyroxine treatment activates the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in the mouse brain.","volume":"416","author":"A Kulikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907-12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.061","article-title":"An experimental approach to the interrelationship between hyperthyroidism and ejaculation latency time in male rats.","volume":"181","author":"A Cihan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6472-9","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1135","article-title":"Multicenter study on the prevalence of sexual symptoms in male hypo- and hyperthyroid patients.","volume":"90","author":"C Carani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508-19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.147","article-title":"The hormonal control of ejaculation.","volume":"9","author":"G Corona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865-70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00142.x","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone assessments in a Dutch cohort of 620 men with lifelong premature ejaculation without erectile dysfunction.","volume":"2","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198-202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01151-7","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation.","volume":"58","author":"E Screponi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491-6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00243.x","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment can delay ejaculation in patients with premature ejaculation and chronic bacterial prostatitis.","volume":"4","author":"A El-Nashaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139-46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01487.x","article-title":"Clinical parameters that predict successful outcome in men with premature ejaculation and inflammatory prostatitis.","volume":"6","author":"W Zohdy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150-4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00107.x","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis in premature ejaculation: a cohort study in 153 men.","volume":"3","author":"R Shamloul","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672-9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01682.x","article-title":"Considerations for an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation in the DSM-V.","volume":"7","author":"R Segraves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144-52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.034","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015.","volume":"13","author":"M McCabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-35","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref-36","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR, 4th edn","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358-67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.20353.x","article-title":"Premature ejaculation: an observational study of men and their partners.","volume":"2","author":"D Patrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693-705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00276.x","article-title":"Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation. Part II--proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11.","volume":"3","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048-57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.10.015","article-title":"Premature ejaculation: results from a five-country European observational study.","volume":"53","author":"F Giuliano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304\u20135; author reply 1305\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.01.050","article-title":"Re: Fran\u00e7ois Giuliano, Donald L. Patrick, Hartmut Porst, et Al. for the 3004 study group. Premature ejaculation: results from a five-country European observational study. Eur urol 2008;53:1048-57.","volume":"53","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-41","article-title":"The social organization of sexuality. Sexual practices in the United States.","author":"E Laumann","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-13","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230701640355","article-title":"Premature ejaculation: different pathophysiologies and etiologies determine its treatment.","volume":"34","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423-41","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12524","article-title":"An evidence-based unified definition of lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation: report of the second International Society for Sexual Medicine Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation.","volume":"11","author":"E Serefoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135-43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.019","article-title":"Definitions of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015.","volume":"13","author":"M McCabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377-9","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.9.1377","article-title":"Paroxetine treatment of premature ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"151","author":"M Waldinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-46","first-page":"53 (abstract 125)","article-title":"Comparison of estimated versus measured intravaginal latency time (IELT) in men with and without premature ejaculation","volume":"3","author":"J Pryor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-93","DOI":"10.3109\/13651509809115376","article-title":"An empirical operationalization study of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for premature ejaculation.","volume":"2","author":"M Waldinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498-507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00069.x","article-title":"Proposal for a definition of lifelong premature ejaculation based on epidemiological stopwatch data.","volume":"2","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-49","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Long term results of treatment of premature ejaculation with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.","volume":"14","author":"C McMahon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028-37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00528.x","article-title":"The majority of men with lifelong premature ejaculation prefer daily drug treatment: an observation study in a consecutive group of Dutch men.","volume":"4","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-51","article-title":"EAU guidelines on erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, penile curvarture and priapism","author":"K Hatzimouratidis"},{"key":"ref-52","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of premature ejaculation","author":"D Montague"},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465-75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00239.x","article-title":"Development and validation of a new questionnaire to assess sexual satisfaction, control, and distress associated with premature ejaculation.","volume":"3","author":"S Althof","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358-64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08041.x","article-title":"The Premature Ejaculation Profile: validation of self-reported outcome measures for research and practice.","volume":"103","author":"D Patrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565-73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.028","article-title":"Development and validation of a premature ejaculation diagnostic tool.","volume":"52","author":"T Symonds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-56","first-page":"121-6","article-title":"Sexual function of premature ejaculation patients assayed with Chinese Index of Premature Ejaculation.","volume":"6","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470-4","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.05.04","article-title":"Patient reported outcomes in the assessment of premature ejaculation.","volume":"5","author":"S Althof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508-25","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.03.28","article-title":"The design and methodology of premature ejaculation interventional studies.","volume":"5","author":"C McMahon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822-30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00238-0","article-title":"The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction.","volume":"49","author":"R Rosen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-55","article-title":"Advances in treating premature ejaculation.","volume":"6","author":"S Cayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904-16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.12.028","article-title":"Current Pharmacological Management of Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"69","author":"F Castiglione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174-88","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.65","article-title":"Behavioral Therapies for Management of Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review.","volume":"3","author":"K Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609-15","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12925","article-title":"The Combination of Dapoxetine and Behavioral Treatment Provides Better Results than Dapoxetine Alone in the Management of Patients with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation.","volume":"12","author":"L Cormio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179-89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01913.x","article-title":"Improved ejaculatory latency, control and sexual satisfaction when PSD502 is applied topically in men with premature ejaculation: results of a phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"7","author":"C Carson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487-501","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.04.02","article-title":"Emerging and investigational drugs for premature ejaculation.","volume":"5","author":"C McMahon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940-9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08456.x","article-title":"PSD502 improves ejaculatory latency, control and sexual satisfaction when applied topically 5 min before intercourse in men with premature ejaculation: results of a phase III, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"103","author":"W Dinsmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826-30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68816-7","article-title":"Treatment of premature ejaculation with paroxetine hydrochloride as needed: 2 single-blind placebo controlled crossover studies.","volume":"161","author":"C McMahon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89-101","DOI":"10.1080\/00926239908403982","article-title":"Clomipramine in the treatment of rapid (premature) ejaculation.","volume":"25","author":"D Strassberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00187-9","article-title":"Short-term analysis of the effects of as needed use of sertraline at 5 PM for the treatment of premature ejaculation.","volume":"54","author":"S Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510-5; discussion 516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.05.005","article-title":"On-demand treatment of premature ejaculation with clomipramine and paroxetine: a randomized, double-blind fixed-dose study with stopwatch assessment.","volume":"46","author":"M Waldinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566-9","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073885","article-title":"Identification of a potential ejaculation generator in the spinal cord.","volume":"297","author":"W Truitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.08.018","article-title":"Results from a prospective observational study of men with premature ejaculation treated with dapoxetine or alternative care: the PAUSE study.","volume":"65","author":"V Mirone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99-e105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2017.02.003","article-title":"Discontinuation of Dapoxetine Treatment in Patients With Premature Ejaculation: A 2-Year Prospective Observational Study.","volume":"5","author":"H Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107-15","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah143","article-title":"Expression and functional activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 in human and rabbit vas deferens.","volume":"11","author":"R Mancina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod."},{"key":"ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740-5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.050","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human prostate.","volume":"49","author":"S Uckert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079-85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00131-6","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the lower urinary tract: current concepts, future prospects.","volume":"61","author":"M Mamas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-57","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901250","article-title":"Sexual problems among women and men aged 40\u201380 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors.","volume":"17","author":"E Laumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816-23; discussion 824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.004","article-title":"The Premature Ejaculation Prevalence and Attitudes (PEPA) survey: prevalence, comorbidities, and professional help-seeking.","volume":"51","author":"H Porst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376-82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.20350.x","article-title":"Premature ejaculation: prevalence and associated conditions in a sample of 12,558 men attending the andrology prevention week 2001--a study of the Italian Society of Andrology (SIA).","volume":"2","author":"C Basile Fasolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40-5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00593.x","article-title":"Correlation between ejaculatory and erectile dysfunction.","volume":"28 Suppl 2","author":"E Jannini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Androl."},{"key":"ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567-73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01092.x","article-title":"Screening for erectile dysfunction in men with lifelong premature ejaculation--Is the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) reliable?","volume":"6","author":"C McMahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259-72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06290.x","article-title":"Efficacy of type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the drug treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review.","volume":"98","author":"C McMahon","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2013.05.003","article-title":"On-demand use of tramadol, sildenafil, paroxetine and local anaesthetics for the management of premature ejaculation: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.","volume":"11","author":"T Gameel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab J Urol."},{"key":"ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221-7","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2009.21","article-title":"Effects of vardenafil administration on intravaginal ejaculatory latency time in men with lifelong premature ejaculation.","volume":"21","author":"A Aversa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162-5","DOI":"10.1159\/000112607","article-title":"Tadalafil and fluoxetine in premature ejaculation: prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"80","author":"R Mattos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol Int."},{"key":"ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006.e17-21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.11.046","article-title":"Candidate molecule for premature ejaculation, DA-8031: in vivo and in vitro characterization of DA-8031.","volume":"77","author":"H Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920.e13-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.12.006","article-title":"Ejaculatory responses are inhibited by a new chemical entity, DA-8031, in preclinical rodent models of ejaculation.","volume":"81","author":"K Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713-23","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S126861","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of DA-8031, a novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for premature ejaculation in healthy male subjects.","volume":"11","author":"D Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183-202","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.49","article-title":"Current and Emerging Treatments for Premature Ejaculation.","volume":"3","author":"C McMahon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev."},{"key":"ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253-64","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5913-9_47","article-title":"Oxytocin and male reproductive function.","volume":"424","author":"R Ivell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355-62","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051018","article-title":"Chronic fluoxetine inhibits sexual behavior in the male rat: reversal with oxytocin.","volume":"144","author":"J Cantor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81-3","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90433-4","article-title":"Apomorphine stimulation of male copulatory behavior is prevented by the oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin in rats.","volume":"33","author":"A Argiolas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477-85","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12198","article-title":"Inhibition of ejaculation by the non-peptide oxytocin receptor antagonist GSK557296: a multi-level site of action.","volume":"169","author":"P Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref-94","first-page":"183-298 (abstract#137)","article-title":"Effect of selective oxytocin receptor antagonist GSK557296 on pharmacologically-induced ejaculation in anaesthetised rat ejaculation","volume":"9","author":"P Clement","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.02.3142","article-title":"A phase IIA study to investigate the efficacy and safety of the selective oxytocin receptor antagonist, IX-01, in men with lifelong Premature ejaculation.","volume":"197","author":"C McMahon","year":"2017","journal-title":"JU."},{"key":"ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554-66","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0406","article-title":"A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action.","volume":"67","author":"J Ballon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70-8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01509.x","article-title":"The effects of oral administration of d-modafinil on male rat ejaculatory behavior.","volume":"7","author":"L Marson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8462-9","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1819-08.2008","article-title":"Dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors are essential for the arousal effect of modafinil.","volume":"28","author":"W Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626-33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.09.005","article-title":"Modafinil inhibits rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons through D2-like receptors.","volume":"52","author":"T Korotkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107-12","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10196","article-title":"Differential enhancement of dialysate serotonin levels in distinct brain regions of the awake rat by modafinil: possible relevance for wakefulness and depression.","volume":"68","author":"L Ferraro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)70462-4","article-title":"Premature Ejaculation: A Review of 1130 Cases.","volume":"50","author":"B Schapiro","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00183-6","article-title":"Premature ejaculation and serotonergic antidepressants-induced delayed ejaculation: the involvement of the serotonergic system.","volume":"92","author":"M Waldinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245.e1-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.03.014","article-title":"Proof of mechanism study of a novel serotonin transporter blocker, DA-8031, using [11C]DASB positron emission tomography and in vivo microdialysis.","volume":"84","author":"H Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139-42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.04.036","article-title":"On-demand Modafinil Improves Ejaculation Time and Patient-reported Outcomes in Men With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation.","volume":"94","author":"M Tuken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126-30","DOI":"10.1159\/000475036","article-title":"Alpha-1 blockade pharmacotherapy in primitive psychogenic premature ejaculation resistant to psychotherapy.","volume":"28","author":"G Cavallini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-005-3616-4","article-title":"Terazosin in the treatment of premature ejaculation: a short-term follow-up.","volume":"37","author":"M Ba\u015far","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol."},{"key":"ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342-52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.10.046","article-title":"Silodosin therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled clinical trial performed in Europe.","volume":"59","author":"C Chapple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161-72","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S13803","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of silodosin for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.","volume":"6","author":"M Yoshida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143-8","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2010.46","article-title":"Symptomatic and urodynamic responses in patients with reduced or no seminal emission during silodosin treatment for LUTS and BPH.","volume":"14","author":"C Roehrborn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446-50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.03.015","article-title":"Ejaculation disorder is associated with increased efficacy of silodosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia.","volume":"76","author":"Y Homma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268-72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2011.02941.x","article-title":"Silodosin and its potential for treating premature ejaculation: a preliminary report.","volume":"19","author":"Y Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Urol."},{"key":"ref-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13805","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.13805","article-title":"Comparison of alpha blockers in treatment of premature ejaculation: a pilot clinical trial.","volume":"15","author":"Y Akin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J."},{"key":"ref-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657-63","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12553","article-title":"Effect of botulinum-A toxin injection into bulbospongiosus muscle on ejaculation latency in male rats.","volume":"11","author":"E Serefoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-114","article-title":"Method for treating premature ejaculation with a botulinum neurotoxin","author":"G Gaxiola","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T12:46:49Z","timestamp":1553863609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"references-count":114,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.12150.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13152.r28388","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13152.r28389","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.13152.r28388, Ege Can Serefoglu, UroKlinik Urology Center, Zerrin Sk 2, Levent, 34330, Istanbul, Turkey, 04 Dec 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1#referee-response-28388","order":0,"name":"referee-response-28388","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.13152.r28389, Emmanuele A Jannini, School of Sexology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, 04 Dec 2017, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/6-2084\/v1#referee-response-28389","order":1,"name":"referee-response-28389","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}