{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:19Z","timestamp":1772168839801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005831","name":"Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRTG08152020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRTG08152020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50MH122351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MH122351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01MH128483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01MH128483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Postoperative depressive symptoms are associated with pain, readmissions, death, and other undesirable outcomes. Ketamine produces rapid but transient antidepressant effects in the perioperative setting. Longer infusions confer lasting antidepressant activity in patients with treatment-resistant depression, but it is unknown whether a similar approach may produce a lasting antidepressant effect after surgery. This protocol describes a pilot study that will assess the feasibility of conducting a larger scale randomized clinical trial addressing this knowledge gap.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial involves the enrollment of 32 patients aged 18 years or older with a history of depression scheduled for surgery with planned intensive care unit admission. On the first day following surgery and extubation, participants will be randomized to an intravenous eight-hour infusion of either ketamine (0.5 mg kg\n                    <ns4:sup>-1<\/ns4:sup>\n                    over 10 minutes followed by a continuous rate of 0.3 mg kg\n                    <ns4:sup>-1<\/ns4:sup>\n                    h\n                    <ns4:sup>-1<\/ns4:sup>\n                    ) or an equal volume of normal saline. Depressive symptoms will be quantified using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale preoperatively and serially up to 14 days after the infusion. To detect ketamine-induced changes on overnight sleep architecture, a wireless headband will be used to record electroencephalograms preoperatively, during the study infusion, and after infusion. The primary feasibility endpoints will include the fraction of patients approached who enroll, the fraction of randomized patients who complete the study infusion, and the fraction of randomized patients who complete outcome data collection.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This pilot study will evaluate the feasibility of a future large comparative effectiveness trial of ketamine to reduce depressive symptoms in postsurgical patients.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Registration:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    K-PASS is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov:\n                    <ns4:ext-link xmlns:ns5=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" ns5:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05233566\">NCT05233566<\/ns4:ext-link>\n                    ; registered February 10, 2022.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.121529.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T11:05:21Z","timestamp":1652267121000},"page":"510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protocol for the Ketamine for Postoperative Avoidance of Depressive Symptoms (K-PASS) feasibility study: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Fritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany R.","family":"Tellor Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben J.A.","family":"Palanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon T.","family":"Willie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3178-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuri B.","family":"Farber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400-1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.11.011","article-title":"Depression before and after cardiac surgery: do all patients respond the same?.","volume":"145","author":"D Horne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94-100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.08.017","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of depression and well-being after hysterectomy: An observational study.","volume":"217","author":"M Theunissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644-649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.050","article-title":"Impact of bariatric surgery on clinical depression. Interrupted time series study with matched controls.","volume":"174","author":"H Booth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128-1134","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12437","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression among esophageal cancer patients prior to surgery.","volume":"29","author":"Y Hellstadius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628-1635","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.01460","article-title":"Prevalence of clinical depression among patients after shoulder stabilization: a prospective study.","volume":"101","author":"D Weekes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149-e155","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13118","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative depression: A retrospective analysis of 248 subjects operated on for drug-resistant epilepsy.","volume":"56","author":"V Barbieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212-217","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001285","article-title":"Depression after open heart surgery: influences of optimism, sex, and event-related medical factors.","volume":"209","author":"A Ai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064-1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.05.130","article-title":"Clinical, surgical, and sociopsychological factors and depression after cardiothoracic surgery.","volume":"111","author":"N Caspi-Avissar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261-271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.12.011","article-title":"Preoperative and perioperative predictors of reactive and persistent depression after cardiac surgery: a three-month follow-up study.","volume":"55","author":"E Patron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392-399","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318262e2c8","article-title":"Correlation between depressive symptoms and perioperative pain: a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries.","volume":"29","author":"S Goebel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281-290","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9153-8","article-title":"The role of depression and anxiety symptoms in hospital readmissions after cardiac surgery.","volume":"31","author":"P Tully","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458-1468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-017-1022-3","article-title":"Perioperative depression or anxiety and postoperative mortality in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"32","author":"H Takagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000904","article-title":"Summary of the clinical practice guideline for the treatment of depression across three age cohorts.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217-1223","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.11.1217","article-title":"Early onset of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant action: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"63","author":"M Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423-1428","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1423","article-title":"Timing of onset of antidepressant response with fluoxetine treatment.","volume":"157","author":"A Nierenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28-40","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.1.28","article-title":"Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice.","volume":"163","author":"M Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856-864","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.856","article-title":"A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression.","volume":"63","author":"C Zarate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831-841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.007","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of intravenous ketamine infusion for treatment resistant depression: January 2009 - January 2019.","volume":"277","author":"W Marcantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134-1142","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13030392","article-title":"Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial.","volume":"170","author":"J Murrough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401-409","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070834","article-title":"Single, repeated, and maintenance ketamine iInfusions for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"176","author":"J Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022-1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.006","article-title":"1H-[13C]-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of ketamine\u2018s effect on amino acid neurotransmitter metabolism.","volume":"71","author":"G Chowdhury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201-1209","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.184","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of antidepressant ketamine effects on glutamine cycling follow regional fingerprints of AMPA and NMDA receptor densities.","volume":"42","author":"M Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154-2160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0136-3","article-title":"The effects of ketamine on prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission in healthy and depressed subjects.","volume":"43","author":"C Abdallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481-486","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17998","article-title":"NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites.","volume":"533","author":"P Zanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696-710","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2019.1679391","article-title":"Ketamine-induced changes in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are associated with the resting-state functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex.","volume":"21","author":"M Woelfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959-964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190287","article-title":"mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists.","volume":"329","author":"N Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49-62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.002","article-title":"Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis.","volume":"10","author":"G Tononi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115-119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.05.042","article-title":"Baseline delta sleep ratio predicts acute ketamine mood response in major depressive disorder.","volume":"145","author":"W Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301-311","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000545","article-title":"Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder.","volume":"16","author":"W Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816-826","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010037","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-frequency study of intravenous ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"173","author":"J Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11634","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and durability of repeated ketamine infusions for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"79","author":"C Albott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139-148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3739","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intranasal esketamine adjunctive to oral antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"75","author":"E Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428-438","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020172","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized double-blind active-controlled study.","volume":"176","author":"V Popova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m12891","article-title":"Esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression: assessment of long-term safety in a phase 3, open-label study (SUSTAIN-2).","volume":"81","author":"E Wajs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893-903","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1189","article-title":"Efficacy of esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant treatment for relapse prevention in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"76","author":"E Daly","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230-238","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2016.1142607","article-title":"Ninety-six hour ketamine infusion with co-administered clonidine for treatment-resistant depression: A pilot randomised controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"E Lenze","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157-1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05762-6","article-title":"Prolonged ketamine infusion modulates limbic connectivity and induces sustained remission of treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"238","author":"J Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012033","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012033.pub4","article-title":"Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults.","volume":"12","author":"E Brinck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"135-148","article-title":"Impact of ketamine on pain management in cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167-1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4334-8","article-title":"Single bolus low-dose of ketamine does not prevent postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial.","volume":"295","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252-258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.03.026","article-title":"Prophylactic use of ketamine reduces postpartum depression in Chinese women undergoing cesarean section.","volume":"279","author":"J Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01715","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1715","article-title":"Intraoperative ketamine for reduction in postpartum depressive symptoms after cesarean delivery: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial.","volume":"10","author":"J Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114-118","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200207000-00020","article-title":"Small-dose ketamine improves the postoperative state of depressed patients.","volume":"95","author":"A Kudoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e922028","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.922028","article-title":"Use of various doses of S-ketamine in treatment of depression and pain in cervical carcinoma patients with mild\/moderate depression after laparoscopic total hysterectomy.","volume":"26","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075-1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.030","article-title":"Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of depressive symptoms after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial.","volume":"121","author":"G Mashour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200-207","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials.","volume":"158","author":"A Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726-733","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001087","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs and agents that inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity.","volume":"7","author":"N Farber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199-214","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004","article-title":"Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses.","volume":"51","author":"J Krystal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426-453","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199733060-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sedatives and analgesics in the treatment of agitated critically ill patients.","volume":"33","author":"B Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338-1344","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","article-title":"The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients.","volume":"166","author":"C Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092-1097","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.","volume":"166","author":"R Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791-804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2013II.","volume":"88","author":"J Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363-371","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The drug abuse screening test.","volume":"7","author":"H Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169-190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.","volume":"27","author":"D Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382-389","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","article-title":"A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change.","volume":"134","author":"S Montgomery","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52-58","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.032532","article-title":"Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA).","volume":"192","author":"J Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13-19","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(88)90023-4","article-title":"Improving depression severity assessment--II. Content, concurrent and external validity of three observer depression scales.","volume":"22","author":"W Maier","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"28-37","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice.","volume":"4","author":"J Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573-583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","article-title":"The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression.","volume":"54","author":"A Rush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703-2710","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).","volume":"286","author":"E Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"783-792","article-title":"Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.","volume":"32","author":"A Flemenbaum","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160-164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.119","article-title":"A simplified 6-Item clinician administered dissociative symptom scale (CADSS-6) for monitoring dissociative effects of sub-anesthetic ketamine infusions.","volume":"282","author":"N Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106-118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00067-0","article-title":"Ketamine-induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis.","volume":"20","author":"J Newcomer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307-312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2002.384.doc.x","article-title":"Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice.","volume":"10","author":"G Lancaster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-291","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.185","article-title":"Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study.","volume":"4","author":"S Julious","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/TDGXK","article-title":"Ketamine for Postoperative Avoidance of Depressive Symptoms (K-PASS) Feasibility Study: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [Dataset].","author":"B Fritz","year":"2022, April 26"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1689921331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.121529.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r188595","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r137483","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r137483","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r188595","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r137483, Boris D. Heifets, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 09 Jun 2022, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1#referee-response-137483","order":0,"name":"referee-response-137483","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.133398.r188595, Octavian Vasiliu, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, 21 Jul 2023, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-510\/v1#referee-response-188595","order":1,"name":"referee-response-188595","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work is supported by the Washington University Center for Perioperative Mental Health (grant number P50 MH122351) from the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), via subgrants to BAF and BJAP. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH. The NIH played no role in the design of this protocol.\n\nIn addition, Dr. Fritz\u2019s time is supported by a grant from the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (grant MRTG08152020). Drs. Palanca and Farber are supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (1U01MH128483). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}