{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:20:00Z","timestamp":1788970800504,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008781","name":"Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny W Szczecinie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WNoZ-322-01\/S\/19\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WNoZ-322-01\/S\/19\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Because the etiopathogenesis of male infertility is multifactorial our study was designed to clarify the relationship between standard semen parameters, testicular volume, levels of reproductive hormones and the fragmentation of sperm nuclear DNA (SDF).\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Patients (n = 130) were clustered as subjects: 1) with an abnormal volume (utrasonography) of at least one testis (&lt;12 mL) or with a normal volume of testes and 2) with abnormal levels of at least one of the reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, PRL, TSH, total T \u2013 electrochemiluminescence method) or with normal hormonal profiles and 3) with high level of SDF (&gt;30%), moderate (&gt;15\u201330%) or low (\u226415%) (sperm chromatin dispersion test).\n                    <ns3:bold\/>\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    In subjects with a decreased testicular volume and in subjects with abnormal levels of reproductive hormones, decreased basic semen parameters were found. Participants with abnormal testicular volume had a higher percentage of SDF and a higher level of FSH (Mann\u2013Whitney U test). In turn, men with a high level of SDF had lower testicular volume and conventional sperm parameters than men with a low level of SDF (Kruskal\u2013Wallis test).\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions<\/ns3:bold>\n                    : We showed that spermatogenesis disorders coexisted with decreased testicular volume and increased FSH levels. The disorders of spermatogenesis were manifested by reduced basic sperm characteristics and a high level of sperm nuclear DNA damage.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.121622.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:40:09Z","timestamp":1653907209000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of selected semen parameters and biomarkers of male infertility \u2013 preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michal","family":"Kups","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Rosiak-Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Harasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Machalowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafal","family":"Kurzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Sipak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603-620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.08.014","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health: 2021 Update on Male Infertility.","volume":"80","author":"S Minhas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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