{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:55Z","timestamp":1772168815627,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.122434.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000}}],"reference-count":17,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Leptomeningeal metastasis is an infrequent form of cancer expression, and it has a poor prognosis due to its torpid evolution and its challenging diagnosis.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Case report:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We report the case of a 68-year-old woman with rapidly progressing cognitive decline and focal epilepsy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive gyriform hypersignal in the right precentral sulcus region, without mass effect, tenuous contrast uptake, and hydrocephalus with transependymal edema. The body tomographic study was negative for solid cancer and the 18F-FDG PET-CT revealed a severe hypermetabolism in the right lung upper lobe. These findings were suggestive of lung cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis. We performed a brain biopsy, finding atypical cells in the leptomeningeal region with positive immunohistochemical staining for CK7 and negative for CK20 corresponding to lung adenocarcinoma. The patient was evaluated in the oncology service and scheduled for radiotherapy and chemotherapy.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Focal leptomeningeal disease is an entity that should be considered as a differential diagnosis in all cases of focal leptomeningitis. Timely diagnosis and adequate cancer management can increase patient survival.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.122434.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1663759816000},"page":"885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Focal leptomeningeal disease, atypical cancer of unknown primary site"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8538-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Vences","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary M.","family":"Araujo-Chumacero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Urrunaga-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Kadota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Barreto-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Saavedra-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elder V.","family":"Quispe-Huaman\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-018-0518-0","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases.","volume":"19","author":"J Graber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43-e55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30689-7","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer.","volume":"19","author":"H Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607-614","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198610000-00005","article-title":"Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity: Cultural and linguistic artifacts.","volume":"174","author":"J Escobar","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695-699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"53","author":"Z Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M139-M144","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.4.M139","article-title":"The use of the Karnofsky Performance Scale in determining outcomes and risk in geriatric outpatients.","volume":"46","author":"V Crooks","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-S9","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_74_19","article-title":"Management of leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer.","volume":"56","author":"S Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42-46","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481702400106","article-title":"Experimental treatments for leptomeningeal metastases from solid malignancies.","volume":"24","author":"S Sahebjam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Control."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-020-00759-3","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer: optimal systemic management in NSCLC with and without driver mutations.","volume":"21","author":"M Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430-1433","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6640","article-title":"Focal Leptomeningeal Disease with Perivascular Invasion in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.","volume":"41","author":"A Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16766","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016766","article-title":"Brain MRI imaging characteristics predict treatment response and outcome in patients with de novo brain metastasis of EGFR-mutated NSCLC.","volume":"98","author":"C Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CNS42","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2019-0010","author":"U Sener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographic Appearance of Leptomeningeal Disease in Patients with EGFR Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Treated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors\u2013A Case Series (P2. 6-032)."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745-754","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0112-1","article-title":"Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature.","volume":"48","author":"S Groeschel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640-2645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.06.043","article-title":"Cognitive impairment due to widespread enlarged perivascular spaces.","volume":"16","author":"Y Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613-625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.010","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Molecular landscape, current management, and emerging therapies.","volume":"31","author":"H Bhambhvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21-35","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30911","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management.","volume":"124","author":"N Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229-233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remnie.2019.02.011","article-title":"Role of 18F-FDG-PET\/CT in establishing new clinical and therapeutic modalities in lung cancer. a short review.","volume":"38","author":"R Bolton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition)."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4422-4428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10579-6","article-title":"Neurological and cognitive sequelae of Covid-19: a four month follow-up.","volume":"268","author":"F Mattioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1736321112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":17,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.122434.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.122434.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.138679.r151090","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.138679.r151090","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.134420.r146386, Miguel Oswaldo Cadena-Sanabria, Internal Medicine Department, Industrial University of Santander, University Hospital of Santander, Bucaramanga, 23 Aug 2022, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v1#referee-response-146386","order":0,"name":"referee-response-146386","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.138679.r151090, Jos\u00e9 Percy Amado Tineo, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 23 Sep 2022, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-885\/v2#referee-response-151090","order":1,"name":"referee-response-151090","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}