{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:24:54Z","timestamp":1789694694835,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124002.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124002.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124002.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124002.4","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Meru University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Background: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) treatment constitutes a macrolide-based antibiotic regimen in combination with aminoglycosides for Rapid-Growing Mycobacteria (RGM), and rifampicin for Slow-Growing Mycobacteria (SGM). Mutations in the anti-NTM drug target regions promote NTM evolution to mutant strains that are insusceptible to NTM drugs leading to treatment failure. We, therefore, described the mutation patterns of anti-NTM drug target genes including\n                    <ns4:italic>rrl<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns4:italic>rrs<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <ns4:italic>rpoB<\/ns4:italic>\n                    in NTM isolates from Kenya.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study that included 122 NTM obtained from the sputum of symptomatic tuberculosis-negative patients in Kenya. All 122 NTM underwent targeted sequencing of the rrl gene. The 54 RGM were also sequenced for\n                    <ns4:italic>rrs<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , and the 68 SGM were sequenced for\n                    <ns4:italic>rpoB<\/ns4:italic>\n                    genes using ABI 3730XL analyzer. The obtained sequences were aligned to their wild-type reference sequences for each gene using Geneious then mutations were identified. Pearson chi-square at a 95% confidence interval tested the association of NTM to mutation patterns for each gene.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    Results: NTM harboring mutations associated with resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used in the macrolide-based therapy were 23% (28\/122). Of these NTM, 10.4% (12\/122) had mutations in the\n                    <ns4:italic>rrl<\/ns4:italic>\n                    gene with 58.3% (7\/12) comprising RGM and 41.7% (5\/12) being SGM. Mutation at position 2058 (A2058G, A2058C, A2058T) of the\n                    <ns4:italic>rrl<\/ns4:italic>\n                    gene was seen for 83.3% (10\/12) of NTM, while 16.6% (2\/12) harbored a A2059G mutation. Of the 54 RGM included for\n                    <ns4:italic>rrs<\/ns4:italic>\n                    characterization, 11.1% (6\/54) exhibited mutations \u00a0at position 1408(A1408G), while 14.7% (10\/68) of the SGM had mutations in the\n                    <ns4:italic>rpoB<\/ns4:italic>\n                    gene at positions S531W, S531L, S531Y, F506L, E509H with\n                    <ns4:italic>M.gastri<\/ns4:italic>\n                    having multiple mutations at positions D516V, H526D and, S531F.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>Conclusion: We demonstrated a significant level of mutations associated with drug resistance for macrolides, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin in NTM isolated from symptomatic TB negative patients in Kenya.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124002.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T13:10:44Z","timestamp":1680527444000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mutation patterns of resistance genes for macrolides, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin in non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates from Kenya"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zakayo","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Naeku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Mureithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1195-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Onyambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wallace","family":"Bulimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5699-5708","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5699-5708.2003","article-title":"rpoB-Based Identification of Nonpigmented and Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria.","volume":"41","author":"T Ad\u00e9kambi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and\ndoes not represent the views of the funders. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}