{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:54Z","timestamp":1772168874988,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.126078.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SOFI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    The effect of sequential exposure to different antibiotics is an underexplored topic. Azithromycin can be detected in humans for up to 28 days post-ingestion and may prime bacterial responses to subsequently ingested antibiotics.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    In this\n                    <ns3:italic>in vitro<\/ns3:italic>\n                    study, we assessed if preexposure to azithromycin could accelerate the acquisition of resistance to ciprofloxacin in\n                    <ns3:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    reference strain, WHO\u2013F. In a morbidostat, we set two conditions in 3 vials each: mono-exposure (preexposure to Gonococcal Broth followed by exposure to ciprofloxacin) and dual sequential exposure (preexposure to azithromycin followed by exposure to ciprofloxacin).The growth of the cultures was measured by a software (MATLAB). The program decided if gonococcal broth or antibiotics were added to the vials in order to keep the evolution of the cultures. Samples were taken twice a week until the end of the experiment i.e. until resistance was achieved or cellular death. Additionally, six replicates of WHO\u2013F WT and WHO\u2013F with\n                    <ns3:italic>rplV<\/ns3:italic>\n                    mutation, caused by azithromycin, were exposed to increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin in plates to assess if there were differences in the rate of resistance emergence.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    We found that after 12 hours of pre-exposure to azithromycin,\n                    <ns3:italic>N. gonorrhoeae's<\/ns3:italic>\n                    resilience to ciprofloxacin exposure increased. Pre-exposure to azithromycin did not, however, accelerate the speed to acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions: \u00a0<\/ns3:bold>\n                    We found that azithromycin does not accelerate the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance, but there were differences in the molecular pathways to the acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance: the strains preexpossed to azithromycin followed a different route (GyrA: S91F pathway) than the ones without antibiotic preexposure (GyrA:D95N pathway). However, the number of isolates is too small to draw such strong conclusions.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.126078.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T08:40:11Z","timestamp":1674808811000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pre-exposure to azithromycin enhances gonococcal resilience to subsequent ciprofloxacin exposure: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolein Gyonne","family":"Elise Laumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-8257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"de Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Van Dijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheeba","family":"S. Manoharan\u2013Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486-488","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30162-2","article-title":"Dual antimicrobial therapy for gonorrhoea: what is the role of azithromycin?","volume":"18","author":"M Unemo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623-1624","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab178","article-title":"Dual Azithromycin\/Ceftriaxone Therapy for Gonorrhea in PrEP Cohorts Results in Levels of Macrolide Consumption That Exceed Resistance Thresholds by up to 7-Fold.","volume":"224","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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Wadsworth, Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, NY, USA, 30 Jan 2023, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/11-1464\/v2#referee-response-161618","order":1,"name":"referee-response-161618","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The work was supported by a SOFI 2021 grant\u2014\"PReventing the Emergence of untreatable STIs via radical Prevention\" (PRESTIP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}