{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:38:09Z","timestamp":1774528689097,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.128125.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, the virus has evolved drastically, presenting with sets of mutations that influence its properties, including transmissibility and antigenicity. The oral mucosa is postulated as probable portal entry and several oral manifestations have been identified, which places dental professionals in a position to recognize probable COVID-19 patients depending on oral signs and symptoms in the initial phases of the disease itself. As co-existing with COVID-19 seems to be a new reality, greater understanding is required regarding early oral signs and symptoms which can be predictors for timely intervention and prevention of complications in COVID-19 patients. The objective of the study is to identify the distinguishing oral signs and symptoms among COVID-19 patients and to establish possible correlation between severity of COVID-19 infection and oral symptoms.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This study recruited 179 ambulatory, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Eastern Province's designated hotels for COVID-19\u00a0and home isolated patients from the same region using a convenience sample method. Data was collected by qualified and experienced investigators, including two physicians and three dentists, using a validated comprehensive questionnaire through telephonic interviews with the participants. The\n                    <ns4:italic>\n                      X\n                      <ns4:sup>2<\/ns4:sup>\n                    <\/ns4:italic>\n                    was used to assess the categorical variables, and odd's ratio was calculated to determine the strength of the association between general symptoms and oral manifestations.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Oral and nasopharyngeal lesions or conditions like loss of smell and taste, xerostomia, sore throat, and burning sensation were predictors of COVID-19-related systemic symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, and nasal congestion were identified to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.05).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The study reveals the occurrence of olfactory or taste dysfunction, dry mouth, sore throat, and burning sensation along with COVID-19 generic symptoms, should be considered as suggestive yet not conclusive indicators of COVID-19.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.128125.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T08:05:20Z","timestamp":1684829120000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oral manifestations associated with Novel Coronavirus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19): A questionnaire based hypothetical study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"FARAZ","family":"MOHAMMED","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ARISHIYA THAPASUM","family":"FAIROZEKHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHAMAZ","family":"MOHAMED","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SAUD ABDULLAH","family":"ALMOUMEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7920-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AMR S.","family":"BUGSHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ZAINAB I.","family":"ALMOMEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AMINAH MOHAMMAD","family":"ALMOMEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHASHI KIRAN","family":"M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KHALID S.","family":"ALMULHIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020202","article-title":"COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention.","volume":"13","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021 Jan 29","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409-424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape.","volume":"19","author":"W Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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