{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:21:59Z","timestamp":1782602519072,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Priapism is an uncommon urological emergency that can lead to permanent impotence if prompt presentation and medical intervention is not performed. It is a breakdown of the usual physiological mechanisms controlling penile tumescence and detumescence, leading to a prolonged penile erection (&gt;4 hours) that is unrelated to sexual stimulation. Currently, there are three accepted subtypes: ischaemic, non-ischaemic, and stuttering priapism, which is also known as recurrent ischemic priapism. The aim of treatment is the immediate resolution of the painful erection and the preservation of cavernosal smooth muscle function in order to prevent cavernosal fibrosis, which can lead to penile shortening and permanent erectile dysfunction.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12828.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T10:25:39Z","timestamp":1515579939000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Recent advances in the management of priapism"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Asif","family":"Muneer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain M.","family":"Alnajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318-24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000087608.07371.ca","article-title":"American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism.","volume":"170","author":"D Montague","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116-20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2004.10117.x","article-title":"Priapism.","volume":"1","author":"J Pryor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265-70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01780.x","article-title":"Stuttering priapism--a review of the therapeutic options.","volume":"62","author":"A Muneer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjmsu.2008.11.005","article-title":"The management of stuttering priapism within a specialist unit\u2014A 25-year experience.","volume":"2","author":"A Muneer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Med Surg Urol."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10-8","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901231","article-title":"Investigation of cavernosal smooth muscle dysfunction in low flow priapism using an in vitro model.","volume":"17","author":"A Muneer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416-8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-200102000-00015","article-title":"The prediction of papaverine induced priapism by color Doppler sonography.","volume":"165","author":"M Secil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611.e9-611.e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.02.021","article-title":"Mean velocity and peak systolic velocity can help determine ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism.","volume":"72","author":"C von Stempel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Radiol."},{"key":"ref-8","first-page":"9-16","article-title":"Pharmacologic erection: time-dependent changes in the corporal environment.","volume":"6","author":"G Broderick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918-22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00140.x","article-title":"Management of ischemic priapism with high-dose intracavernosal phenylephrine: from bench to bedside.","volume":"3","author":"C Wen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152-9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00862.x","article-title":"Investigating the effects of high-dose phenylephrine in the management of prolonged ischaemic priapism.","volume":"5","author":"A Muneer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265-71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900433","article-title":"Altered contractile response of penis under hypoxia with metabolic acidosis.","volume":"11","author":"D Moon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66519-4","article-title":"Altered contractility of rabbit penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle by hypoxia.","volume":"155","author":"N Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61-5","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2011.12.03","article-title":"Commentary on refractory ischemic priapism.","volume":"1","author":"M Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45549-2","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the erectile tissue in priapism.","volume":"135","author":"M Spycher","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497-502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-006-0061-6","article-title":"Priapism: new concepts in the pathophysiology and new treatment strategies.","volume":"7","author":"T Bivalacqua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699-705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.12.021","article-title":"T-shaped shunt and intracavernous tunneling for prolonged ischemic priapism.","volume":"181","author":"W Brant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754-64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08174.x","article-title":"T-shunt with or without tunnelling for prolonged ischaemic priapism.","volume":"102","author":"M Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171-6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01176.x","article-title":"Corporal \"snake\" maneuver: corporoglanular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism.","volume":"6","author":"A Burnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.07.034","article-title":"The efficacy of the T-shunt procedure and intracavernous tunneling (snake maneuver) for refractory ischemic priapism.","volume":"191","author":"E Zacharakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(85)90176-1","article-title":"Implantation of penile prostheses in patients impotent after priapism.","volume":"26","author":"R Bertram","year":"1985","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893-7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.03058.x","article-title":"The management of low-flow priapism with the immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis.","volume":"90","author":"R Rees","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.09.044","article-title":"The immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis for acute ischaemic priapism.","volume":"56","author":"D Ralph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714-8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09368.x","article-title":"The use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients presenting with priapism.","volume":"106","author":"D Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-4","DOI":"10.3109\/21681805.2015.1059359","article-title":"Early insertion of a malleable penile prosthesis in ischaemic priapism allows later upsizing of the cylinders.","volume":"49","author":"E Zacharakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Urol."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937-44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02748.x","article-title":"Simultaneous total corporal reconstruction and implantation of a penile prosthesis in patients with erectile dysfunction and severe fibrosis of the corpora cavernosa.","volume":"9","author":"S Sansalone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880-9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02281.x","article-title":"Penile prosthesis surgery in patients with corporal fibrosis: a state of the art review.","volume":"8","author":"J Mart\u00ednez-Salamanca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077-84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00333.x","article-title":"Feasibility of the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in a pharmacologic prevention program for recurrent priapism.","volume":"3","author":"A Burnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258-9","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2015.3.258","article-title":"Distal corpus cavernosum fibrosis and erectile dysfunction secondary to non-ischaemic priapism.","volume":"87","author":"E Zacharakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T16:46:14Z","timestamp":1553877974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.12828.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13900.r29442","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.13900.r29441","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.13900.r29442, Gerard Henry, Daniel Moser, Regional Urology, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA, 10 Jan 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1#referee-response-29442","order":0,"name":"referee-response-29442","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.13900.r29441, Andrew C Kramer, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 10 Jan 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-37\/v1#referee-response-29441","order":1,"name":"referee-response-29441","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Asif Muneer is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University College London Hospital.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}