{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:48:27Z","timestamp":1792788507047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1U01DK108320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01DK108320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Chronic pancreatitis is a syndrome involving inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of acinar and islet cells which can manifest in unrelenting abdominal pain, malnutrition, and exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. The Toxic-Metabolic, Idiopathic, Genetic, Autoimmune, Recurrent and Severe Acute Pancreatitis, Obstructive (TIGAR-O) classification system categorizes known causes and factors that contribute to chronic pancreatitis. Although determining disease etiology provides a framework for focused and specific treatments, chronic pancreatitis remains a challenging condition to treat owing to the often refractory, centrally mediated pain and the lack of consensus regarding when endoscopic therapy and surgery are indicated. Further complications incurred include both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pseudocyst formation, bile duct obstruction, and pancreatic cancer. Medical treatment of chronic pancreatitis involves controlling pain, addressing malnutrition via the treatment of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and recognizing the risk of osteoporosis, and administering appropriate pancreatic enzyme supplementation and diabetic agents. Cornerstones in treatment include the recognition of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and administration of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, support to cease smoking and alcohol consumption, consultation with a dietitian, and a systematic follow-up to assure optimal treatment effect.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12852.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T11:15:04Z","timestamp":1526555704000},"page":"607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Chronic pancreatitis: review and update of etiology, risk factors, and management"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5982-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Forsmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957-66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00097-0","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis.","volume":"387","author":"S Majumder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530-50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2014.11.002","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. 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Health grant 1U01DK108320. 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