{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:13:28Z","timestamp":1787616808761,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129043.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129043.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000}}],"reference-count":41,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TALENTA\u2019s fund, batched 2020; The Research Institution of Universitas Sumatera Utara","award":["No.4142\/UN5.1R\/PPM\/PPM\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.4142\/UN5.1R\/PPM\/PPM\/2020."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Background Copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) ion release, and surface topography change from the orthodontic wire are the initial processes of corrosion that may affect the mechanical properties of the archwire. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of CHX, NaF, and chitosan on the corrosion of CuNiTi wire nickel and copper ions released, surface roughness change, and archwire deflection. Methods Ninety samples of CuNiTi Tanzo\u2122 archwires were divided into five groups according to their immersion solution: Artificial Saliva, CHX, NaF, CHX-NaF, and chitosan group. Each group was further divided into three subgroups (n=6) corresponding immersion time,\n                    <ns4:italic>i.e.,<\/ns4:italic>\n                    two, four, and six weeks. The corrosion of the samples was analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and universal testing machine (UTM). Results The amount of nickel ion releases was increasing, but the copper ion releases were reduced by the time of observations. The highest nickel ion was released in the CHX-NaF group and the lowest in the chitosan group for six-week immersion. It also corresponded to the surface topography by SEM analysis which showed the most extended cracks and deep pits in the CHX-NaF group and a smoother surface in the chitosan group. Copper ion release showed the highest ion release in the NaF group and the lowest release in the chitosan group. The unloading force of CuNiTi archwire deflection remains the same at week two and week four for all mouthwashes. Conclusion The use of mouthwashes that contained CHX, NaF, and chitosan could further alter the passive layer and cause higher nickel and copper ion release and increased CuNiTi archwire surface structure porosity. But there is no distinction between mouthwashes to release the unloading force within two until four weeks.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129043.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:00:06Z","timestamp":1717063206000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Corrosion of copper nickel titanium archwire in chlorhexidine,\u00a0 sodium fluoride, and chitosan mouthwashes"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erliera","family":"Sufarnap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kholidina Imanda","family":"Harahap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ika Devi","family":"Adiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatty","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Christy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252-259","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.211629","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of three mouthwashes on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of several orthodontic wires: An in vitro study.","volume":"14","author":"H Aghili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. 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Dent."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/5QB8E","author":"E Sufarnap","year":"2022","journal-title":"OSF."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342-349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2012.05.003","article-title":"Two percent chitosan mouthwash: A microbiological and clinical comparative study.","volume":"7","author":"A Uraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:00:13Z","timestamp":1717063213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.129043.3","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.163146.r284848","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.163146.r284847","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.141698.r164307, Asma Ashari, Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 10 Mar 2023, version 1, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v1#referee-response-164307","order":0,"name":"referee-response-164307","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Erliera Sufarnap<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 22 Mar 2023<\/i>; Thank you very much for your kind attention to the wonderful insightful comments on our manuscript. This manuscript became very complete based on your pieces of advice in many chapters. We have revised the manuscript according to some inquiries you have suggested. Several additional sentences needed to be added based on the reviewer\u2019s suggestions, which we already provided to consolidate the new sample size formulation.  The following is our comprehensive comments on the review after revision:  1. An interesting study, although it would benefit from a sample size calculation (if no sample size, can mention it as a pilot study), it would add to the strength of the results, since the sample is already quite large. The sample size was conducted by using the Federer Technique in our references by Irmawartini as she stated in her book. We added the formulation to the manuscript.  2. Who did the measurements and who scanned the samples? Are they qualified? Was it a single researcher or multiple? Are they calibrated? Any Intra Class Correlation Coefficient to asses intra and inter-reliability.  a.&nbsp;The measurement and the scanning process were done by one qualified laboratory assistant (Master's degree) in each lab. Their work experience is above 3 years for AAS and UTM machines and 7 years for SEM machines.  b. Calibration - The SEM machine calibrates twice in a year interval. - The AAS machine calibrates once a year interval. - The UTM machines were calibrated before each study starts for each day of measurement. The laboratory has 1 to 3 times studies each year.  c. - The SEM images were taken 3 times for each sample. The SEM images couldn\u2019t be measured objectively. The Region of interest (ROI) of the images captured within the roughest area. &nbsp; &nbsp; -&nbsp;The AAS analysis had been taken one time with the Relative Percent Difference (%RPD) below 5% &nbsp; &nbsp; -&nbsp;The UTM machine results also came from one-time measurements from the machine. Calibration had been taken 5 times to get the optimal normal curve. The sample which had improper results were recalculated.&nbsp;Due to the 3 time images captured from SEM analysis, the %RPD below 5% for Ions released measurements and the 5 times calibrator had been taken to get the normal curve from the UTM machine measurement, all laboratory assistants were convinced that there was no need any intra or the inter reliability analysis for those inquiries. Thank you, Doctor, but we added the above explanation in the manuscript for each part of the analysis in the M&amp;M section.  3. &quot;All samples were immersed in 10ml saliva within observation time&quot; what does observation time mean? Please elaborate.  Observation time means the time as each subgroup time. All samples immersed corresponds to subgroup 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Samples were immersed in 10ml saliva within each observation time, acting as a simulation of the daily patient had the archwire within the mouth environment.  This was our novel method to have a proper simulation of the mouth condition. The archwire did not immerse with only the mouthwash itself which commonly had the high detectable results.  This method also prevented bad results coming with undetectable measurements if only a short immersed time of each mouthwash at each observation time, &nbsp;2, 4, and 6 weeks coincidence to 28, 56, and 84 minutes of immersion with the simulation of mouthwash use in 1 minute twice a day.  4. &nbsp;The mouthwashes were immersed for one minute twice a day, although in practice is it not usually advised to do it for 30 seconds? And usually, patients do it for less than that. Therefore the effects of this study are maybe twice as much as what you would expect clinically. Based on our mouthwash prescription, it is instructed to do the mouthwash twice a day for 1 minute. Therefore, we conduct the immersion time based on it. The condition in which the patient does it for less than the prescribed immersion time is uncontrollable. As a result, we decided on the immersion time as the mouthwash company prescribed.  5.&nbsp; Mouthwashes are swished around the mouth, not immersed, again this may affect the clinical application.  Yes, indeed. Mouthwashes are swished around and mixed with saliva in the patient\u2019s mouth. However, we are using the same amount of mouthwash as it is usually used which is 10mL and mixed with saliva. In addition, the use of an agitator before immersion in the mouthwashes makes the solution homogenous. The samples were once again agitated before the archwire was removed for further analysis. By doing these, hopefully, won\u2019t affect the clinical application.  6. Shouldn't the wires be washed with saliva instead of with distilled water? since mouthwashes should not be rinsed after gargling.  While the observation time was ended, the wires have been removed and washed with distilled water to continue for another analysis (surface roughness topography with SEM machine), so that all biological or any material which could contaminate the surface image should be eliminated.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3#referee-comment-9494","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-9494","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.145994.r230212, SHAZA HAMMAD, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, 11 Jan 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v2#referee-response-230212","order":2,"name":"referee-response-230212","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Erliera Sufarnap<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 26 Feb 2024<\/i>; Dear Professor Hammad Thank you for approving our manuscript in F1000Research. We sincerely appreciate you, as the reviewer, who provided your time and effort in giving some feedback to the manuscript. We are very honored and grateful for the insightful comments and valuable improvements to our paper that you gave us. We have already revised and incorporated your inquiries, which we revised in the chapter \u201cExperiment analysis and measurement phase\u201d chapter in the last sentence and the discussion section. These are our revisions. Thank you very much, Prof Hammad. Our best regards from Indonesia.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v3#referee-comment-11151","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-11151","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.145994.r246726, Andrzej Zielinski, Gdansk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, 21 Feb 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-159\/v2#referee-response-246726","order":4,"name":"referee-response-246726","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The study presented in this paper was carried out at the Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, under the TALENTA\u2019s funding batched 2020 from our Research Institution of Universitas Sumatera Utara No.4142\/UN5.1R\/PPM\/PPM\/2020 and 2021 (No.6789\/UN5.1.R\/PPM\/2021). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}