{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:41:24Z","timestamp":1790786484195,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129080.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000}}],"reference-count":133,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031241","name":"Lebanese International University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PHAR-DH-JOUR-001-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHAR-DH-JOUR-001-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    The ongoing spread of antimicrobial resistance has complicated the treatment of bacterial hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Gram-negative pathogens, especially those with multidrug-resistant profiles, including\n                    <ns3:italic>Escherichia coli<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns3:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns3:italic>Enterobacter<\/ns3:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <ns3:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <ns3:italic>Acinetobacter<\/ns3:italic>\n                    spp., are important culprits in this type of infections. Understanding the determinants of resistance in pathogens causing pneumonia is ultimately stressing, especially in the shadows of the COVID-19 pandemic, when bacterial lung infections are considered a top priority that has become urgent to revise. Globally, the increasing prevalence of these pathogens in respiratory samples represents a significant infection challenge, with major limitations of treatment options and poor clinical outcomes. This review will focus on the epidemiology of HAP and VAP and will present the roles and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of implicated multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens like carbapenem-resistant\n                    <ns3:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant\n                    <ns3:italic>Pseudomonas<\/ns3:italic>\n                    <ns3:italic>aeruginosa<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (CRPA), carbapenem-resistant\n                    <ns3:italic>Enterobacterales<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (CRE), as well as colistin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n                    <ns3:italic>Enterobacterales.<\/ns3:italic>\n                    While emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, perspectives and conclusions are drawn from findings of HAP and VAP caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria in patients with COVID-19.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129080.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T13:00:07Z","timestamp":1711371607000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Understanding epidemiology, resistance patterns, and implications with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalal","family":"Hammoudi Halat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole","family":"Ayoub Moubareck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485-503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.04.001","article-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia.","volume":"45","author":"S Grief","year":"2018 Sep","journal-title":"Prim. 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