{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:30Z","timestamp":1772168790027,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129923.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM118553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM118553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI158963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background.<\/ns4:bold>\n                    For survival of the organism, T cells must efficiently control pathogens invading different peripheral tissues. Whether or not such control is achieved by utilizing different movement strategies in different tissues remains poorly understood. Liver-localized CD8 T cells perform correlated random walks\u00a0 --- a type of a Brownian walk -- in liver sinusoids but in some condition these T cells may also perform Levy flights -- rapid and large displacements by floating with the blood flow. CD8 T cells in lymph nodes or skin also undergo Brownian walks. A recent study suggested that brain-localized CD8 T cells, specific to\n                    <ns4:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , perform generalized Levy walks -- a walk type in which T cells alternate pausing and displacing long distances --- which may indicate that brain is a unique organ where T cells exhibit movement strategies different from other tissues.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods.<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0 We quantified movement patterns of brain-localized\n                    <ns4:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/ns4:italic>\n                    -specific CD4 and CD8 T cells by using well-established statistical and computational methods.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results.\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We found that T cells change their movement pattern with time since infection and that CD4 T cells move faster and turn less than CD8 T cells. Importantly, both CD4 and CD8 T cells move in the brain by correlated random walks without long displacements challenging previous observations. We have also re-analyzed the movement data of brain-localized CD8 T cells in\n                    <ns4:italic>T. gondii<\/ns4:italic>\n                    -infected mice and found no evidence of Levy walks. We hypothesize that the previous conclusion of Levy walks of\n                    <ns4:italic>T. gondii<\/ns4:italic>\n                    -specific CD8 T cells in the brain was reached due to missing time-frames in the data that create an impression of large movement lengths between assumed-to-be-sequential movements.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion.<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Our results suggests that movement strategies of CD8 T cells are largely similar between LNs, liver, and the brain and consistent with correlated random walks and not Levy walks.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129923.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T04:40:25Z","timestamp":1696308025000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain-localized CD4 and CD8 T cells perform correlated random walks and not Levy walks"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhruv","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barun","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitaly V.","family":"Ganusov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59-83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2015.03.002","article-title":"Liberating L\u00e9vy walk research from the shackles of optimal foraging.","volume":"14","author":"A Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545-548","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11098","article-title":"Generalized L\u00e9vy walks and the role of chemokines in migration of effector CD8+ T cells.","volume":"486","author":"T Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11350-11355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711371114","article-title":"The topography of the environment alters the optimal search strategy for active particles.","volume":"114","author":"G Volpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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