{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:06:42Z","timestamp":1772168802266,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131102.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000}}],"reference-count":19,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare","award":["20HA1005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA1005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Earlier studies and clinical trials of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) showed that drugs such as antiviral drugs, antibody cocktails, and steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent severe outcomes and death. Methods Observational data in Japan assess drug effectiveness against COVID-19. We applied the average treatment effect model, particularly propensity scoring, which can treat the choice of administered drug as if administration were randomly assigned to inpatients. Data of the Medical Information Analysis Databank, operated by National Hospital Organization in Japan, were used. The outcome was defined as mortality. Subjects were all inpatients, inpatients with oxygen administration, and inpatients using respiratory ventilation, classified by three age classes: all ages, 65 years old or older, and younger than 65 years old. Information about demographic characteristics, underlying disease, administered drug, the proportions of Alpha, Beta and Omicron variant strains, and vaccine coverage were used as explanatory variables for logistic regression. Results Estimated results indicated that only one antibody cocktail (sotrovimab, casirivimab and imdevimab) was associated with raising the probability of survival consistently and significantly. By contrast, other drugs, an antiviral drug (remdesivir), a steroid (dexamethasone), and an anti-inflammatory drug (baricitinib and tocilizumab) were related to reduce the probability of survival. However, propensity score matching method might engender biased results because of a lack of data such as detailed information related to intervention and potential confounders. Therefore, the effectiveness of some drugs might not be evaluated properly in this study. Conclusions Results indicate high likelihood that antibody cocktails were consistently associated with high probability of survival, although low likelihood was found for other drugs for older patients with mild to severe severity and all age patients with moderate severity. Further study is necessary in light of the lack of available data.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131102.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T11:20:09Z","timestamp":1705922409000},"page":"398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Drug effectiveness for COVID-19 inpatients inferred from Japanese medical claim data using propensity score matching"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5827-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shingo","family":"Mitsushima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Horiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyosu","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155250","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2155250","article-title":"Changes in the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients from the early pandemic to the delta variant epidemic: a nationwide population-based study.","volume":"12","author":"K Miyashita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. 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The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}