{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T16:01:27Z","timestamp":1784476887104,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131661.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000}}],"reference-count":16,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background The tongue is a prominent muscular organ of the oral cavity and the integrity of the tongue mucosa frequently can reflect the overall health of an individual. Many notable structural and functional alterations can affect the tongue. These changes may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Hence, the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of structural and functional abnormalities of the tongue in a population reporting to a tertiary care center. We also assessed the prevalence of the normal variants and evaluated the normal tongue protrusion measurement in the study population. Methods The cross-sectional study included 1,143 dental outpatients above 18 years of age who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology between October 2021 to February 2022. Demographic details of the patients were noted. Participants were asked questions regarding any symptoms or abnormalities noticed on the tongue. The tongue was examined thoroughly for any structural\/ functional abnormalities. The maximal tongue protrusion for each participant was measured by asking them to extend their tongue out. Medical history, drug history, and social history were recorded. Results The study included 564 male and 579 female participants; tongue lesions were positive in 66.5% of the study population. Coated tongue (26.2%) was the most frequent structural abnormality that was noted in the present study. Taste dysfunction (4.6%) was the most frequent functional abnormality. The lesions were mostly in the anterior two-thirds (4.2%) of the tongue. Functional abnormalities of the tongue were noted in 8.7% of the study participants. Conclusions The results of the present study showed that structural and functional abnormalities of the tongue were present in 66.5% of the population. Careful and detailed evaluation of the tongue examination is mandated in routine dental checkups. This shall help in the prompt identification of various etiological factors causing structural and functional abnormalities of the tongue.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131661.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:20:20Z","timestamp":1708064420000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structural and functional abnormalities of the tongue: An epidemiological study from a tertiary care center in India"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Piplani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathangi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindranath","family":"Vineetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjanee","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyana Chakravarthy","family":"Pentapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00332-18","article-title":"Tongue microbiota and oral health status in community-dwelling elderly adults.","volume":"3","author":"M Asakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"23-29","article-title":"Oral manifestation of systemic disease.","volume":"65","author":"H Gaddey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124-128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.12.007","article-title":"Prevalence and subjective knowledge of tongue lesions in an Indian population.","volume":"6","author":"P Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial. Res."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762-764","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8287","article-title":"Fissured Tongue among Patients Visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology in a Tertiary Care Centre.","volume":"61","author":"H Bali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nepal Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1776282","article-title":"Prevalence of Tongue Normal Variant Lesions in Geriatric Patients with Hypertension in Surabaya: A Multicenter Observational Study.","author":"A Parmadiati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heal. Allied Sci. NU."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"249-255","article-title":"The Prevalence of Tongue Anomalies among Medium School Pupils at Aged 13-15 Years Old in Fallujah City, Iraq.","volume":"6","author":"A Abed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci [Internet]."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188-195","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2003.02933.x","article-title":"The prevalence of tongue lesions in 5150 Turkish dental outpatients.","volume":"9","author":"N Avcu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1962-1967","article-title":"Prevalence of tongue lesions among Turkish schoolchildren.","volume":"26","author":"D Ugar-Cankal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"104-108","article-title":"Prevalence of tongue lesions in western population of Maharashtra. ~ 104 ~.","volume":"3","author":"S Shinde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163-e168","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.2.e163","article-title":"The prevalence of tongue lesions in libyan adult patients.","volume":"2","author":"S Byahatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128-e132","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51102","article-title":"Prevalence of tongue lesions in the Indian population.","volume":"5","author":"S Patil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81-87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01062.x","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of oral lesions: A cross-sectional study in Turkey.","volume":"11","author":"G Mumcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73-80","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-9-7-73","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of tongue lesions in 1901 Iranian dental outpatients.","volume":"9","author":"M Motallebnejab","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"745-749","article-title":"Tongue lesions in a Jordanian population. Prevalence, symptoms, subject\u2019s knowledge and treatment provided.","volume":"16","author":"A Darwazeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"259-262","article-title":"Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie): a diagnostic and treatment quandary.","volume":"30","author":"L Kotlow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int (Berl)."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17632\/k3vx49rbfn.1","article-title":"Structural and functional abnormalities of the tongue: An epidemiological study from a tertiary center with a proposed grading system for tongue protrusion.","volume":"V1","author":"R Vineetha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mendeley Data."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T17:50:15Z","timestamp":1713030615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.131661.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247888","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247887","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247888","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247887","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247887, Bijimole Jose, Pediatric Dentistry, Al Azhar Dental College, Thodupuzha, Kerala, 06 Mar 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2#referee-response-247887","order":0,"name":"referee-response-247887","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Mathangi Kumar<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 06 Mar 2024<\/i>; Dear Reviewer,  &nbsp;Greetings!  We thank you for your suggestions and time in evaluating our manuscript.&nbsp;","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2#referee-comment-11207","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-11207","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.161405.r247888, Karpal Singh Sohal, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili National Hospital and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, 05 Mar 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2#referee-response-247888","order":2,"name":"referee-response-247888","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Mathangi Kumar<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 05 Mar 2024<\/i>; Dear Dr&nbsp;Karpal Singh Sohal, Greetings!  Thank you very much for the insightful comments on enhancing our manuscript and approving our revised version of the manuscript.  Many thanks for your time and consideration. Have a good day! Regards,&nbsp; Mathangi Kumar","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-822\/v2#referee-comment-11205","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-11205","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}