{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:27:41Z","timestamp":1788992861127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132214.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132214.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132214.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000}}],"reference-count":99,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas Indonesia\u2019s grant program \u201cHibah PUTI 2022\u201d","award":["ND-5463\/UN2.F1.D1.4\/PPM.00.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND-5463\/UN2.F1.D1.4\/PPM.00.00\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem that affects more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D has been shown to be effective in preventing and reducing the severity of viral respiratory diseases, including influenza. However, the role of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the association of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia from October 2021 until February 2022. Results The median serum 25(OH)D level in 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 13.6 [IQR=10.98] ng\/mL. The serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency who had cardiovascular disease (p-value=0.04), the use of a ventilator (p-value=0.004), more severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.047), and mortality (p-value=0.002). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.019). Serum 25(OH)D levels in moderate and severe COVID-19 cases were significantly different (p-value=0.031). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased number of comorbidities (p-value=0.03), the severity of COVID-19 (p-value=0.002), and the use of mechanical ventilation (p-value=0.032). Mortality was found in 7.3% of patients with deficient vitamin D levels. However, patients with either sufficient or insufficient vitamin D levels did not develop mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency were significantly associated with having cardiovascular disease, mortality, more severe COVID-19 cases, and the used of mechanical ventilation. Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with an increased number of comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and the use of mechanical-ventilation. Thus, we suggest hospitalized COVID-19 patients to reach a sufficient vitamin D status to improve the clinical outcome of the disease.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132214.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T11:15:14Z","timestamp":1707131714000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andhika","family":"Rachman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rizky","family":"Rahmaniyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi","family":"Khomeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anggraini","family":"Iriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736665","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.","volume":"9","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2021 Dec 22","journal-title":"Front. 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