{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:38:45Z","timestamp":1771648725580,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.4","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.5","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.6","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.7","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000}}],"reference-count":53,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consortium of Southeast and South Asia and Taiwan Universities President\u2019s Forum","award":["2649\/UN3.15\/PT\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2649\/UN3.15\/PT\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Recent evidence suggests that some flavonoid compounds obtained from crude methanol extract of mistletoe leaves (<ns3:italic>Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq<\/ns3:italic>), also known as Benalu Duku (BD), have antimicrobial effects. Thus, the plant has the potential to eliminate viruses that may cause outbreaks in chicken farms. This study aimed to prove the <ns3:italic>in vitro<\/ns3:italic> ability of flavonoid compounds, namely quercetin-like compounds (QLCs), to eliminate field viruses, specifically the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Methods This research was performed in two stages. An <ns3:italic>in vitro<\/ns3:italic> test was used with a post-test of the control groups designed at a significance of 0.05. BD leaves (5 kg) were extracted using a maceration method with methanol and then separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. The final extracted products were separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain QLCs. The QLCs were identified and compared with quercetin using HPLC, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The activity of QLCs was tested <ns3:italic>in vitro<\/ns3:italic> against the NDV at a virulence titter of 10<ns3:sup>\u22125<\/ns3:sup> Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture. Results Solutions of 0.05% (w\/v) QLCs were discovered to have antiviral activity against NDVs, with an average cytopathogenic effect antigenicity at a 10<ns3:sup>\u22125<\/ns3:sup> dilution (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions QLCs from flavonoids from the leaves of BD have <ns3:italic>in vitro<\/ns3:italic> antiviral bioactivity against NDV at a virulence titter of 10-5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture. QLCs may have the potential to be developed as medicinal compounds for the treatment of other human or animal viral infections.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133489.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T13:23:54Z","timestamp":1721741034000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In vitro analysis of quercetin-like compounds from mistletoe Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq as a potential antiviral agent for Newcastle disease"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazuardi","family":"Mochamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvaraja","family":"Malarvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khairat","family":"Jasmine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vuanghao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"100-108","article-title":"Dendrophthoe pentandra methanolic leaf extract increases progesterone levels in female rats.","volume":"33","author":"M Lazuardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Univ. 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Abdelaziz, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 06 Mar 2024, version 5, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v5#referee-response-252061","order":0,"name":"referee-response-252061","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.163209.r267998, Jacinta Ngozi Omeke, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 13 May 2024, version 5, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v5#referee-response-267998","order":1,"name":"referee-response-267998","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Prof. Lazuardi Mochamad<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 17 May 2024<\/i>; \n<b>Reviewer II<\/b>: The normal standard method of re-isolation of the NDV after infection was not mentioned. \n<b>User comment:&nbsp;<\/b>It has been edited according to request in the virus (method) subchapter in the red sentence of the revised version of the Manuscript.  \n<b>Reviewer II:<\/b>&nbsp;There are reports in materials and Methods that supposed to be&nbsp;in Result section, e.g clinical signs of NDV presented by birds after infection. \n<b>User comment<\/b>:&nbsp;It has been revised in the results section of the second paragraph, the sentence is colored red  \n<b>Reviewer II:<\/b> The endurance period was the incubation period of the virus. (Recast the sentence). \n<b>User comment: <\/b>The sentences will be changed as follows:&nbsp;The average ability to survive infection with artificial infections of the NDV virus only lasted three days out of the five-day observation plan. (In red sentences)  \n<b>Reviewer II:<\/b>&nbsp;In Materials and methods line 16, bacterial should be separated from Fungi. \n<b>User comment:<\/b> It has been revised (in red sentences)  \n<b>Reviewer II:<\/b>&nbsp;wavenumber should be separated. it was not uniformly written in many pages. \n<b>User comment:<\/b> It has been revised (in red sentences)  \n<b>Reviewer II:&nbsp;<\/b>The low yield of the extract should be compared to early researchers. \n<b>User Comment<\/b>: It has been revised (in red sentences) as follows: QLCs results are generally also obtained when the same isolation is carried out on secondary metabolites from other mistletoe leaves, with an average of 1 to 0.005%, especially mistletoe plant species. 25,33  \n<b>Reviewer II:<\/b> In discussion, the authors should compare their results to other peoples works \n<b>User comment :<\/b> It has been revised (in red sentences) as follows:&nbsp;The research results that have been found, compared with other researchers even from different plant medicines, show that the ability of the secondary metabolites found is one and a half times to two times stronger as an anti-virus.\n<sup>2,5,17,19<\/sup>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v8#referee-comment-11583","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-11583","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.168805.r300636, Surat Hongsibsong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 10 Jul 2024, version 7, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v7#referee-response-300636","order":3,"name":"referee-response-300636","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.163209.r268001, Asma Ashraf, Government College University, Faisalabad, 04 Jul 2024, version 5, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v5#referee-response-268001","order":4,"name":"referee-response-268001","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Prof. Lazuardi Mochamad<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 05 Jul 2024<\/i>; Request 1. Provide more detailed discussions on the mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of QLCs, including their interactions with NDV.  Add the sentences in Page 14 last paragraph as follows; The element QLCs in the form of 7-hydroxy-1-methoxy-2-methoxyxanthone are ligands with a phenolic part bound to a strong electronegative group that can resonate and interact with the substrate elements of viral base pairs that have a high-energy metabolism. At the time of the complexion, the strong electronegative binding of the ligand to the viral substrate was very strong. This property causes the ability of the virus to replicate very limited, resulting in the phenomenon of virucide.  Request 2. Materials and Methods Geographical coordinates: Format already corrected &nbsp;&quot;3&deg; 39' 00&quot; S\u201d and &quot;103&deg; 48' 00&quot; E&quot;&nbsp;for the correct format. Correction at below: The plant, as mistletoe, is \n<i><i>Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.,<\/i><\/i>&nbsp;was identified by the Directorate Control of the Natural Science Collection, National Bureau of Innovative Research, official letter number B-1679\/11.6.2\/DI.05.07\/6\/2022, at the address of Raya Jakarta \u2013 Bogor, Cibinong 16911,&nbsp;on June 7\n<sup>th<\/sup>, 2022, with the Indonesian name BD. Sampling began in March 2022 and lasted until August 2022.  Request 3 Qualitative flavonoid analysis Correction in iron chloride(III)&nbsp;solution&nbsp;and hydrochloric acid.  Request 4. Optimizing the mobile phase for column chromatography to separate the quercetin-like compounds  The term &quot;polar solutions&quot; were described as follows: solution contains bonds between atoms that have very different electronegativities, which cause a dipole moment. &nbsp;  Corrected in sentences: &nbsp;the fractions water: methanol as follows; 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9 were tested.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v8#referee-comment-11966","order":5,"name":"referee-comment-11966","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Prof. Lazuardi Mochamad<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 06 Jul 2024<\/i>; Reviewer III namely Asma determined a &quot;typo&quot; \n<b>Misteltoe<\/b> and must be change by\n<b> Mistletoe<\/b>, my manuscript did not words with the type \n<b>Misteltoe<\/b>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1214\/v8#referee-comment-11972","order":6,"name":"referee-comment-11972","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This research is a program of Universitas Airlangga by Rector Universitas Airlangga, namely research collaboration in one forum, SATU (South Asia University and - Taiwan University), which is held every year with its members, namely universities in Indonesia, universities in Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The SATU program has several schemes, including Collaborative Research and International Seminars. Especially, in 2022, a research collaboration program has been carried out with three state universities, namely Airlangga University (Indonesia) as a PI and three universities in Malaysia as a Co-PI, namely UCSI, the University of Malaya, and USM, through project Grant No. 2649\/UN3.15\/PT\/2022) in May 2022. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":7,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}