{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:55:31Z","timestamp":1785419731015,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133506.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133506.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000}}],"reference-count":101,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Misophonia is a recently identified condition in which a person perceives a subtle stimulus (e.g., eating sounds, hair twirling) and has an intense, negative emotional response. Misophonia cannot be classified with established nosological systems.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We present a novel five-phase model of misophonia from a cognitive-behavioral framework. This model identifies a learned reflex of the autonomic nervous system as the primary etiology and maintenance of misophonia. Phase one is anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. Phase two is a conditioned physical reflex (for example, the tensing of calf muscles) that develops through stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. Phase three includes intense negative emotional responses and accompanying physiological distress, thoughts, urges, and emotion-driven behavior. Phase four is the individual\u2019s coping responses to emotional distress, and phase five is the environmental response and resulting internal and external consequences of the coping behaviors. Each phase helps explain the maintenance of the response and the individual\u2019s impairment.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of phase one contribute to an increased arousal and awareness of triggers, resulting in increased severity of the trigger experience. Both the Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex of phase two and the emotion-driven behavior caused by the conditioned emotional response of phase three increase with\n                    <ns4:italic>in vivo<\/ns4:italic>\n                    exposure to triggers. A newly identified feature of phase four is a covert review of the trigger experience. Phase five includes the consequences of those behaviors with internal consequences of beliefs and new emotions (e.g., shame, guilt) based on environmental responses to anger and panic.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We assert the Mitchell-Dozier model provides a novel framework to understanding misophonia as a multi-sensory reflex condition. Our model states that misophonia initially develops as a Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex and subsequent conditioned emotional responses. Treatments that identify patients\u2019 specific conditioned physical reflex of phase two have shown promising early results, further supporting this model\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133506.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1696419008000},"page":"808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Dozier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanael","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991-1002","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S179138","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for alleviating the distress caused by tinnitus, hyperacusis and misophonia: Current perspectives.","volume":"12","author":"H Aazh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232-237","DOI":"10.1080\/24750573.2019.1597585","article-title":"Suicidal misophonia: a case report.","volume":"29","author":"J Alekri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414-417","DOI":"10.5505\/kpd.2018.18480","article-title":"The effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy in misophonia: A case report.","volume":"21","author":"A Alt\u00fdn\u00f6z","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135-1144","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.11.1135","article-title":"Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans.","volume":"38","author":"L Berkowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687-700","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.4.687","article-title":"Physical pain and the goal of aversively stimulated aggression.","volume":"40","author":"L Berkowitz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X13000172","article-title":"A brief course of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of misophonia: a case example.","volume":"6","author":"R Bernstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118-124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.09.009","article-title":"On angry approach and fearful avoidance: The goal-dependent nature of emotional approach and avoidance tendencies.","volume":"50","author":"E Bossuyt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00036","article-title":"Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda.","volume":"12","author":"J Brout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567-586","DOI":"10.2307\/1422695","article-title":"The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory.","volume":"100","author":"W Cannon","year":"1987 Oct 1","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183-204","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013965","article-title":"Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications.","volume":"135","author":"C Carver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"T Cash","year":"2015","DOI":"10.25772\/JE67-V432"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175-191","DOI":"10.1177\/15346501211045707","article-title":"Treating Adolescent Misophonia with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Considerations for Including Exposure.","volume":"21","author":"J Cecilione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205-1212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5461-6","article-title":"I just lost it! Fear and anger reduce the sense of agency: a study using intentional binding.","volume":"237","author":"J Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203-216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review.","volume":"30","author":"J Cisler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349-375","DOI":"10.37708\/psyct.v13i2.454","article-title":"Self-Identified Misophonia Phenomenology, Impact, and Clinical Correlates.","volume":"13","author":"J Claiborn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461-470","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2","article-title":"A cognitive approach to panic.","volume":"24","author":"D Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"When a chomp or a slurp is a trigger for outrage.","author":"J Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New York Times."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2021.100691","article-title":"Misophonia: A psychological model and proposed treatment.","volume":"32","author":"E Cowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67-72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.06.004","article-title":"An examination of the relationship between misophonia, anxiety sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.","volume":"18","author":"S Cusack","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110587","article-title":"The development and validation of the Misophonia response scale.","volume":"149","author":"B Dibb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-33","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.30.1.17","article-title":"Pavlovian conditioning: The CS-UR relation.","volume":"30","author":"J Donahoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2021.05.005","article-title":"Family-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with Misophonia: a case report.","author":"N Dover","year":"2021 Jun 24","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374-387","DOI":"10.1177\/1534650114566924","article-title":"Counterconditioning treatment for misophonia.","volume":"14","author":"T Dozier","year":"2015a","journal-title":"Clin. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114-129","DOI":"10.5964\/psyct.v8i1.132","article-title":"Etiology, composition, development and maintenance of misophonia: A conditioned aversive reflex disorder.","volume":"8","author":"T Dozier","year":"2015b","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189-210","DOI":"10.5964\/psyct.v8i2.138","article-title":"Treating the initial physical reflex of misophonia with the neural repatterning technique: A counterconditioning procedure.","volume":"8","author":"T Dozier","year":"2015c","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285-311","DOI":"10.37708\/psyct.v15i1.622","article-title":"Case study of Relaxation and Counterconditioning Therapy for Misophonia: A Conditioned Aversive Reflex Disorder.","volume":"15","author":"T Dozier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27-35","DOI":"10.13189\/ujp.2020.080202","article-title":"Misophonia: Evidence for an elicited initial physical response.","volume":"8","author":"T Dozier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Univers. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01975","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for misophonia: A multisensory conditioned aversive reflex disorder.","volume":"8","author":"T Dozier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431-438","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.130.4.0431","article-title":"Phenomenology of misophonia: initial physical and emotional responses.","volume":"130","author":"T Dozier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-5","DOI":"10.15761\/CRT.1000208","article-title":"The Relationship between stress and negative emotion: The Mediating role of rumination.","volume":"4","author":"J Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Trials."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00296","article-title":"Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions.","volume":"7","author":"M Edelstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"White Paper 23-08 Genetic Associations with Traits in 23andMe Customers.","author":"S Fayzullina","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627044","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.627044","article-title":"Confinement and the hatred of sound in times of COVID-19: a Molotov cocktail for people with misophonia.","volume":"12","author":"A Ferrer-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355-379","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000527","article-title":"Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces.","volume":"16","author":"E Fox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130-142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2018.04.003","article-title":"The suitability of an inhibitory learning approach in exposure when habituation fails: A clinical application to misophonia.","volume":"26","author":"B Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59-74","DOI":"10.1037\/xan0000194","article-title":"On the role of responses in Pavlovian acquisition.","volume":"45","author":"S Ghirlanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948-959","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00382.2005","article-title":"Different neural correlates of reward expectation and reward expectation error in the putamen and caudate nucleus during stimulus-action-reward association learning.","volume":"95","author":"M Haruno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263230","article-title":"Examining emotional functioning in misophonia: The role of affective instability and difficulties with emotion regulation.","volume":"17","author":"R Guetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395-402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.083","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, impairment, and psychiatric morbidity in 102 youth with misophonia.","volume":"324","author":"A Guzick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11379","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11379","article-title":"Neuroticism vulnerability factors of anxiety symptoms in adolescents and early adults: an analysis using the bi-factor model and multi-wave longitudinal model.","volume":"9","author":"Y He","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104-116","DOI":"10.1108\/13619321211270425","article-title":"Resolving a difference between cognitive therapy and rational emotive behaviour therapy: Towards the development of an integrated CBT model of psychopathology.","volume":"17","author":"P Hyland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ment. Health Rev. J."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89-96","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2018310109","article-title":"A little known topic misophonia: two case reports.","volume":"31","author":"C Hocaoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences."},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Eleventh Revision (ICD-11), World Health Organization (WHO) 2019\/2021."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231390","article-title":"Misophonia: Phenomenology, comorbidity and demographics in a large sample.","volume":"15","author":"I Jager","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708-718","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23127","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for misophonia: A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"38","author":"I Jager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012424","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1012424","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of misophonia symptoms in the general population of Germany.","volume":"13","author":"E Jakubovski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74-84","DOI":"10.1375\/audi.24.2.74.31105","article-title":"Decreased sound tolerance and tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT).","volume":"24","author":"M Jastreboff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology, The."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105-120","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372527","volume":"35","author":"P Jastreboff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seminars in Hearing."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96430-4","article-title":"Misokinesia is a sensitivity to seeing others fidget that is prevalent in the general population.","volume":"11","author":"S Jaswal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10-14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.09.011","article-title":"Anger rumination is not uniquely characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"140","author":"S Jessup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247379","article-title":"An Integrative Model for Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Merging Cognitive Behavioral Theory with Insights from Clinical Neuroscience.","volume":"11","author":"E Kalanthroff","year":"2022 Dec 12","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.978","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of misophonia in Ankara, Turkey: population-based study.","volume":"7","author":"C K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych. Open."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224-231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9402-7","article-title":"Approach and avoidance tendencies in spider fearful children: The approach-avoidance task.","volume":"20","author":"A Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Neurobiological Bases of Misophonia [PowerPoint presentation]. 3rd Misophonia Association Conference, Oct 16-17, Chicago, IL, USA.","author":"S Kumar","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527-533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.048","article-title":"The brain basis for misophonia.","volume":"27","author":"S Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5762-5770","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0261-21.2021","article-title":"The motor basis for misophonia.","volume":"41","author":"S Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400-408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.027","article-title":"Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy for misophonia in youth: Methods for a clinical trial and four pilot cases.","volume":"291","author":"A Lewin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51-66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.06.008","article-title":"Depression: A cognitive perspective.","volume":"69","author":"J LeMoult","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813-825","DOI":"10.1007\/s40732-014-0046-7","article-title":"Toward an analysis of emotions as products of motivating operations.","volume":"64","author":"M Lewon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339-346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00154-5","article-title":"Temporal prediction errors in a passive learning task activate human striatum.","volume":"38","author":"S McClure","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.14cr09343","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for 2 youths with misophonia.","volume":"76","author":"J McGuire","year":"2015 May 27","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593-610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.05.005","article-title":"Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder.","volume":"32","author":"R McHugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249-258","DOI":"10.1177\/1534650118782650","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for an adolescent female presenting with misophonia: a case example.","volume":"17","author":"D Muller","year":"2018 Aug","journal-title":"Clin. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1.13-e1","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303538.20","article-title":"P3 selective sound sensitivity syndrome (misophonia) and Tourette syndrome.","volume":"83","author":"M Neal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00953","article-title":"Misophonia and potential underlying mechanisms: a perspective.","volume":"9","author":"D Palumbo","year":"2018 Jun 29","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203-1218","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22771","article-title":"Misophonia: A scoping review of research.","volume":"75","author":"I Potgieter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071410","article-title":"Misophonia in Singaporean psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"15","author":"T Quek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156-166","DOI":"10.1891\/JCPSY-D-20-00042","article-title":"Exposure Therapy for Misophonia: Concepts and Procedures.","volume":"35","author":"A Rabasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2016.04.009","article-title":"Intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for comorbid misophonic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A systematic case study.","volume":"10","author":"A Reid","year":"2016 Jul 1","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"194","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy.","volume":"1","author":"R Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Sage Encyclopedia of Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13604","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13604","article-title":"Insomnia disorder: State of the science and challenges for the future.","volume":"31","author":"D Riemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516-522","DOI":"10.1097\/dbp.0000000000000563","article-title":"Misophonia in children with tic disorders: a case series.","volume":"39","author":"S Robinson","year":"2018 Jul 1","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.709928","article-title":"Development and Initial Validation of the Duke Misophonia Questionnaire.","author":"M Rosenthal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"61-67","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on Anger in Female Students with Misophonia: A Single-Case Study.","volume":"46","author":"K Roushani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453-479","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22500","article-title":"A large-scale study of misophonia.","volume":"74","author":"R Rouw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"How is shame resolved? An experimental study on the roles of anger and sadness (Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)).","author":"T Sawashima","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2021.100657","article-title":"Evaluating anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of misophonia and dimensions of aggression.","volume":"30","author":"M Schadegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221-225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2017.04.003","article-title":"Case study: a novel application of mindfulness-and acceptance-based components to treat misophonia.","volume":"6","author":"R Schneider","year":"2017 Apr 1","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44084-8","article-title":"Misophonia is associated with altered brain activity in the auditory cortex and salience network.","volume":"9","author":"A Schr\u00f6der","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54706","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054706","article-title":"Misophonia: diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder.","volume":"8","author":"A Schr\u00f6der","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289-294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.017","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in misophonia: An open trial.","volume":"217","author":"A Schr\u00f6der","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155464","article-title":"Prevalence of misophonia and correlates of its symptoms among inpatients with depression.","volume":"17","author":"M Siepsiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060823","article-title":"Understanding emotions: Origins and roles of the amygdala.","volume":"11","author":"G \u0160imi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors.","author":"T Steimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dialogues in clinical neuroscience."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.841816","article-title":"Consensus definition of misophonia: a delphi study.","volume":"16","author":"S Swedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.09.009","article-title":"Clinical Experiences in Conducting Empirically Supported Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.","volume":"45","author":"L Szkodny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"161-170","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of classical conditioning in mammals.","volume":"329","author":"R Thompson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133-147","DOI":"10.1080\/23794925.2022.2025631","article-title":"Applying the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents to Misophonia: A Case Example.","volume":"8","author":"N Tonarely-Busto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511-520","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1962.5-511","article-title":"Reflexive fighting in response to aversive stimulation 1.","volume":"5","author":"R Ulrich","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14823-14833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02682-8","article-title":"Psychological distress among university students: the role of mindfulness, decentering, reappraisal and emotion regulation.","volume":"42","author":"F \u00dcnl\u00fc Kaynak\u00e7\u0131","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685-690","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_aja-19-00111","article-title":"Misophonia: An evidence-based case report.","volume":"29","author":"C Vanaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282777","article-title":"Misophonia in the UK: Prevalence and norms from the S-Five in a UK representative sample.","volume":"18","author":"S Vitoratou","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLos One."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01152","article-title":"Heightened stress in employed individuals is linked to altered variability and inertia in emotions.","volume":"11","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychology."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369-370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.019","article-title":"Toward a theoretical model of misophonia.","volume":"37","author":"T Webber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51-60","DOI":"10.1007\/s42843-021-00025-6","article-title":"Assessment and intervention for individuals with misophonia.","volume":"47","author":"A Wiese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Health Service Psychology."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994-1007","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22098","article-title":"Misophonia: incidence, phenomenology, and clinical correlates in an undergraduate student sample.","volume":"70","author":"M Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383-393","DOI":"10.18863\/pgy.857018","article-title":"Misophonia: A Review.","volume":"13","author":"Y Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psikiyatr. Guncel Yaklasimlar."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143-1154","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1143","article-title":"Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans.","volume":"121","author":"D Zald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4119-4124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4119","article-title":"Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation.","volume":"94","author":"D Zald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.05.001","article-title":"Misophonia symptoms among Chinese university students: Incidence, associated impairment, and clinical correlates.","volume":"14","author":"X Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T09:35:20Z","timestamp":1698312920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"references-count":101,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.133506.3","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.156528.r213570","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.156528.r212089","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.156528.r213570","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.154032.r194050, Jadon Webb, Bloom Mental Health LLC, Littleton, CO, 14 Aug 2023, version 2, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v2#referee-response-194050","order":0,"name":"referee-response-194050","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.154032.r195347, Jordan Norris, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 14 Sep 2023, version 2, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v2#referee-response-195347","order":1,"name":"referee-response-195347","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Thomas Dozier<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Sep 2023<\/i>; We appreciate the comments of the reviewer and have attempted to address all recommendations. We have specified that the purpose of the brief summaries of theories of misophonia was to provide context and show that many of the theoretical statements on misophonia were vague. We agree with your concern about the US\/UR of Palumbo et al. (2018), but we feel we should state their theory (even if it is incorrect). After the summaries, we compared the three developed theories and indicated similarities and differences to the new model. As recommended, we no longer refer to the ANS as \u201cbrain.\u201d&nbsp; As recommended, we added appropriate citations (19 new references and 40 citations). We revised the abstract to highlight the unique features of this model, which is the primary focus of this manuscript, and we provided more information and references on the prevalence of misophonia. . Finally, we added references and examples to paragraph 14.&nbsp;  Again, we appreciate your recommendations and the opportunity to improved the quality of this manuscript.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3#referee-comment-10287","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-10287","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.156528.r213570, Jeyasakthy Saniasiaya, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 23 Oct 2023, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3#referee-response-213570","order":3,"name":"referee-response-213570","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Thomas Dozier<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 24 Oct 2023<\/i>; We are very pleased with the outcome of the latest review and we thank the reviewers for their feedback. We have decided not to make any further changes to the paper. Please see below for details.  Here are specific responses to the latest review:  1.&nbsp;This paper is intended to discuss the mechanisms behind misophonia. Page three discusses age of onset and prevalence rates in different populations. We think this is sufficient background information and that adding further details about epidemiology and risk factors (which could be a very long discussion in itself) would distract from our point.  2.&nbsp;We acknowledge in the Discussion that \u201cadditional independent research is needed to validate this model and the effects of each phase as discussed above.\u201d Nevertheless, the model is based on our extensive clinical observations and supported by other Pavlovian conditioning research.  3.&nbsp;Similar to the above point, this paper is not intended to be a general examination of misophonia. We do discuss misophonia management with reference to our model in the \u201cclinical implications\u201d section, but we do not think it would appropriate to get distracted by a wider discussion of misophonia management.  4.&nbsp;Here we are rephrasing our comment of the Dozier model, that \u201cit is based on known neurological processes, namely Pavlovian conditioning and the development of learned emotional reflexive responses,\u201d rather than a neurological abnormality or hypothetical process which was supported in the introduction.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-808\/v3#referee-comment-10448","order":4,"name":"referee-comment-10448","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}