{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:22:24Z","timestamp":1789867344270,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.134682.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.134682.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000}}],"reference-count":23,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria. Risk assessment associated with human contact with the soil was carried out using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from human unconscious ingestion and dermal contact with the soil. Methods Soil samples were obtained at different automobile workshops in Ado-Ekiti, Western Nigeria. The PAHS in the samples were extracted using dichloromethane and extracts were cleaned up using silica-alumina gel open column chromatography. Analysis of PAHs in the soil was done using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector operated on electron ionization mode. Results The results showed the mean PAHs concentration at the sampling locations ranged from 5.58 \u2013 6.4\n                    <ns3:italic>\u03bcg\/g<\/ns3:italic>\n                    and the mean \u2211 carcinogenic PAHs was 58.4\n                    <ns3:italic>\u03bcg\/g<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , equivalent to 59.39 % of total PAHs observed. The mean Toxicity equivalence (TEQs) ranged from 0.02 - 6.680\n                    <ns3:italic>\u03bcg\/g.<\/ns3:italic>\n                    Benzo (a) pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene have the highest toxicity equivalent. The total ILCRs from accidental ingestion and dermal contact in adults were\n                    <ns3:italic>1 \u00d710^(-3) and 9.8 \u00d710^(-5)<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , for adults and children respectively; both are higher than the permissible limit stipulated by the World Health Organization.The HQs obtained are several folds higher than 1. This implies high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Conclusions The study revealed the levels of PAHs and also revealed the risks associated with human contact with the soil around automobile repair workshops.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.134682.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T10:55:09Z","timestamp":1707735309000},"page":"861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olusola Adedayo","family":"Adesina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatomi Atinuke","family":"Fakayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayowa Adeoye","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiodun John","family":"Adewale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob Ademola","family":"Sonibare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107-123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.011","article-title":"A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation.","volume":"25","author":"H Abdel-Shafy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. 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Omokpariola, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, 05 Mar 2024, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-861\/v3#referee-response-246069","order":0,"name":"referee-response-246069","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.147757.r214475, Akanimo N. Ekanem, Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, 27 Oct 2023, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-861\/v1#referee-response-214475","order":1,"name":"referee-response-214475","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Olusola Adesina<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 02 Nov 2023<\/i>; The authors evaluated the health risk assessment of PAHs in automobile workshops in Ado Ekiti with a mandate to assess the influence in the location, as I have some assertions which are not correct or may need to be worked on:  1. The last sentence of your introduction &quot;Few or no studies are available... in sub-Saharan African countries&quot; is not correct because a clear check on google scholar states that over 100 papers have been published and data are available in Nigeria and sub-Saharan countries.&nbsp;Remodifying that statement is advised.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> This has been remodified.   2. The materials and methods are okay within the scope of the work.  3. The results and discussion does not provide a relationship and impact of these PAHs components to cause health based impact. More discussion is needed in relation to previous works available.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> ILCR and HQ are the indexes used to show the contamination of PAHs   4. The conclusion is not adequate, as there are no recommendation or summary of the study in tandem to adults to children influences and how these automobile workshops can work effectively and dispose waste oils.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> This has been modified in the revised manuscript.  Thanks.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-861\/v3#referee-comment-10512","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-10512","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Olusola Adesina<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 02 Nov 2023<\/i>;  The statement \u201cFew or no studies are available on the level of PAHs around automobile repair workshops, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa countries such as Nigeria\u201d is not actually true because there are a lot of recent data on the subject matter such as Ekanem&nbsp;\n<i>et al.<\/i>&nbsp;(2019), Abugu&nbsp;\n<i>et al.<\/i>&nbsp;(2023), Daniel&nbsp;\n<i>et al.<\/i>&nbsp;(2023) etc.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> This part has been deleted in the revised manuscript. &nbsp;  The methodology is not explicit. In the soil sampling section, the apparatus used, sampling method and time of sampling is not mentioned. In the sample pretreatment section, quantity of solvent used for extraction is not mentioned. The references in the methods section are old. The author should review literature for the latest references.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> Authors appreciate this comment apparatus used for sampling has now been included, quantity of solvent used has now been included in the revised manuscript. Authors want to state that standard method for extraction and analysis of PAHs were duly followed &nbsp; &nbsp;  The authors have not been able to drive home their point so as to draw conclusions on the health implication of PAHs. After comparison with the WHO standards, the authors would have made a conclusion whether the soil has low, moderate or high contamination and make recommendations.  \n<u>Response:<\/u> Authors have taken care of this in the revised manuscript.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-861\/v3#referee-comment-10513","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-10513","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.161209.r315376, Loai Aljerf, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, 22 Aug 2024, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-861\/v3#referee-response-315376","order":4,"name":"referee-response-315376","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}