{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:34Z","timestamp":1772168854637,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.135295.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000}}],"reference-count":16,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Empyema (the presence of pus in the pleural space) is a severe complication of community-acquired pneumonia and significant cause of morbidity, but, fortunately, not mortality in children. Between 0.6 and 2% of pneumonias are complicated by empyema and the three main pathogens involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus 1,2,3,4. Optimal management in children, especially the choice of antibiotics, method of administration and duration of therapy, pleural dranage or surgery, are still a matter of debate and currently, lack of strong specific recommendations. This paper displays the study protocol for a scoping review that aims to summarize the available literature on the microbiological epidemiology, the medical and surgical treatment options, and the outcomes of pleural empyema in pediatric population. Methods Comprehensive research combining the terms pediatric (children aged 0 to 18 years) and pleural empyema will be performed on PubMed and SCOPUS to identify all eligible studies. At first, two reviewers will screen the abstract and then their full text to determine the articles that meet the inclusion criteria. This work will be carried out independently, everyone on a different Excel spreadsheet and each researcher will be blinded to the decision of the other researcher. When the process is completed, in case of discordance, any disagreement will be identified and resolved through discussion or with help of a third author. Dissemination The findings of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.135295.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T13:10:10Z","timestamp":1717420210000},"page":"1527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapy of parapneumonic empyema in children: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Buonsenso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cusenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Passadore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Calanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Rasmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna Maria Roberta","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525-530","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24255","article-title":"Clinical, functional, and radiological outcome in children with pleural empyema.","volume":"54","author":"A Maffey","year":"2019 May","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28-33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.009","article-title":"Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests.","volume":"116","author":"K Krenke","year":"2016 Jul","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994-1003","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2021.06.007","article-title":"Microbiological characteristics and outcomes of children with pleural empyema admitted to a tertiary hospital in southeast China, 2009-2018.","volume":"63","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857-864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.10.020","article-title":"Changes in the incidence and bacterial aetiology of paediatric parapneumonic pleural effusions\/empyema in Germany, 2010-2017: a nationwide surveillance study.","volume":"25","author":"J Liese","year":"2019 Jul","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210-222","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.043012","article-title":"Complicated pneumonia in children.","volume":"9","author":"R Pabary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff.)."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164-170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2007.05.002","article-title":"Treatment approaches for empyema in children.","volume":"8","author":"S Sonnappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414-419","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288302200603","article-title":"Parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema in children. Review of a 19-year experience, 1962-1980.","volume":"22","author":"T Chonmaitree","year":"1983 Jun","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. (Phila)."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150-1156","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10051150","article-title":"Parapneumonic effusion and empyema.","volume":"10","author":"H Hamm","year":"1997 May","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786-798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31550-6","article-title":"Complicated pneumonia in children.","volume":"396","author":"F Benedictis","year":"2020 Sep 12","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501-508","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31824de9f6","article-title":"The worldwide impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","volume":"31","author":"S Fitzwater","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250-254","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000202137.37642.ab","article-title":"Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal parapneumonic empyema.","volume":"25","author":"C Byington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6243-6249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.062","article-title":"Changes in empyema among U.S. children in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.","volume":"34","author":"A Wiese","year":"2016 Dec 7","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1-ii23","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011.","volume":"66 Suppl 2","author":"M Harris","year":"2011 Oct","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"i1-i21","article-title":"BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection in childrenThorax.","volume":"60","author":"I Balfour-Lynn","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411-417","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23263","article-title":"Lack of concordance in parapneumonic effusion management in children in central Europe.","volume":"51","author":"G Hafen","year":"2016 Apr","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/J58DR","article-title":"Therapy of parapneumonic empyema in children: protocol for a scoping review of the literature.","author":"D Buonsenso","year":"2023, June 3"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T07:50:52Z","timestamp":1722498652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.135295.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.135295.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285923","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285922","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285922","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285923","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285922, Catherine A Byrnes, Auckland District Health Board, Starship Children's Health, Auckland, 01 Aug 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2#referee-response-285922","order":0,"name":"referee-response-285922","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.167272.r285923, King-Pui Florence Chan, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital,, Hong Kong, 27 Jun 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1527\/v2#referee-response-285923","order":1,"name":"referee-response-285923","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}