{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:11Z","timestamp":1772168831346,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140226.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140226.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000}}],"reference-count":22,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization recommended the use of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) to curb transmission, leading to increased production and use. This has posed a danger of production and use of poor-quality ABHRs. Methods This study assessed and compared the quality of ABHRs in the Kenyan market that were produced before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Quality testing was carried out against European EN 1500:2013 and Kenyan EAS 789:2013 Standards and 20 samples analyzed for alcohol content by GC-FID. Results The study found that 27.8% of the peri-COVID-19 pandemic sanitizers had less than 90% bactericidal reduction activity as compared to 12.5% manufactured pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Only 25% peri-COVID-19 pandemic ABHRs met the EAS 789:2013 acceptable limit of over 60% alcohol content. Product adulteration with methanol was found in 20 % of the samples with only 5% complying with FDA approval limit of &lt;0.063% v\/v methanol. Study found no correlation between the total alcohol content and the efficacy of ABHRs. Conclusions The study found that more substandard products were produced during the pandemic. This raises a concern about possible emergence of alcohol resistant strains of microorganisms. The study therefore recommends an adequate quality monitoring system to curb against substandard products.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140226.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T09:50:06Z","timestamp":1715248206000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro assessment and comparison of quality of alcohol-based hand rubs, pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1357-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Omari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Ng'ong'a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kimotho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Recommendations to Member States to improve hand hygiene practices to help prevent the transmission of the COVID-19 virus.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.362","article-title":"Efficacy of Handrubbing with Alcohol Based Solution versus Standard Handwashing with Antiseptic Soap: Randomised Clinical Trial.","volume":"325","author":"E Girou","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0174-3","article-title":"Anti-bacterial efficacy of alcoholic hand rubs in the kenyan market, 2015.","volume":"6","author":"M Ochwoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Kenya Hand Sanitizer Market (2020-2026).","year":"Apr. 2020","journal-title":"6Wresearch."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029-1033","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315090","article-title":"Bacterial biocide resistance: A new scourge of the infectious disease world?","volume":"104","author":"L Bock","year":"2019 Nov.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar6115","article-title":"Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols.","volume":"10","author":"S Pidot","year":"Aug. 2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Heavy use of hand sanitizer boosts antimicrobial resistance."},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"RESISTANCE OF S. TYPHIMURIUM Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Ethanol Based Hand Sanitizer, Edmonton.","author":"A Taskova","year":"May 2017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar6115","article-title":"Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols.","volume":"10","author":"S Pidot","year":"Aug. 2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"verify."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1-8","article-title":"Hand Sanitizer Analysis Using the Agilent 8860 GC Configure with a Flame Ionization Detector.","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing A CLSI supplement for global application.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102050","article-title":"Detecting methanol in hand sanitizers.","volume":"24","author":"A G\u00fcntner","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"KEBS Bans More Sanitizer Brands Over Quality Concerns - Business Today Kenya."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126252","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of alcohol-free hand sanitizer gels to prevent the spread of infections during pandemics.","volume":"18","author":"R Booq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093326","article-title":"Hand sanitizers: A review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, and regulations.","volume":"17","author":"J Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159245 (September 15","article-title":"Assessment of Anti-Bacterial Effectiveness of Hand Sanitizers Commonly Used in South Africa.","volume":"19","author":"L Muleba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"92612","article-title":"Quantitation of Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropanol in Gel Hand Sanitizer Products by GC-FID.","volume":"62","author":"M Staake","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1-10","article-title":"Policy for Testing of Alcohol (Ethanol) and Isopropyl Alcohol for Methanol, Including During the Public Health Emergency (COVID-19) Guidance for Industry.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"29-37","article-title":"Quality of Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers Marketed in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area.","volume":"24","author":"K Abuga","year":"2021","journal-title":"East Central Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08117-z","article-title":"Assessment of Quality of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Used in Johannesburg Area during the CoViD-19 Pandemic.","volume":"12","author":"P Matatiele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17632\/sj3dc9bw64.1","article-title":"ALCOHOL BASED HAND SANITIZERS IN KENYA- PRE AND PERI COVID-19.","volume":"V1","author":"S Omari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mendeley Data."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T05:54:59Z","timestamp":1717480499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.140226.3","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.165986.r277250","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.165986.r277250","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.165986.r276171","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.153560.r246475, Fred Tusabe, Infectious diseases Institute, Kampala, 29 Feb 2024, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v1#referee-response-246475","order":0,"name":"referee-response-246475","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.153560.r255758, Sandry Kesuma, Pharmaceutical and food analysis, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Malang, Malang, East Java, 22 Apr 2024, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v1#referee-response-255758","order":1,"name":"referee-response-255758","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.165986.r277250, Kennedy Abuga, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 13 May 2024, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/12-1546\/v3#referee-response-277250","order":2,"name":"referee-response-277250","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}