{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:57Z","timestamp":1772168877956,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140287.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140287.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000}}],"reference-count":38,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Car painting workers are at risk of health problems, particularly kidney disorders, due to exposure to solvents containing benzene as the main ingredient in the car painting process. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between benzene and Risk Quotient (RQ) benzene concentrations with Malondialdehyde (MDA), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels in workers exposed to benzene in car painting workshops in Surabaya. Methods This study used an observational design with a cross-sectional method conducted at two car paint workshops in Surabaya. The study population was all workers exposed to benzene in the two car paint workshops, aged between 20-65 years in 2019. The sample was taken using an random sampling method, involving 30 respondents. Inclusion criteria included workers exposed to benzene and willing to participate, while exclusion criteria included workers with a liver or kidney disease history. The variables studied included benzene concentration, benzene RQ (benzene metabolite), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of oxidative stress, and indicators of kidney function (BUN and creatinine levels). Data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate analysis with Pearson correlation test. Results There was no significant relationship between concentrations, RQ benzene, and MDA levels in workers in painting in Surabaya (p&gt; 0.05). There was no significant relationship between benzene concentration, BUN levels, and creatinine levels in paint workers in Surabaya (p&gt; 0.05). There was no significant relationship between benzene RQ and BUN and creatinine levels in paint workers in Surabaya (p&gt; 0.05). Conclusions This study's results indicate that benzene's effects do not lead to impaired kidney function. The benzene RQ variable in this study did not become a determining factor in BUN and creatinine levels in workers.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.140287.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1757079907000},"page":"1419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between benzene concentration, MDA levels and kidney function in car painting workshops in Surabaya: A cross-sectional observational study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Rohim","family":"Tualeka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Yusmaidie","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Velu","family":"Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamilanban","family":"Thamaraikani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roslan","family":"Rosnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salsabila","family":"Novianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pudji","family":"Rahmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Toxicopathological effect of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as a mixture and the protective effect of citicoline in male rats followings 90-day oral exposure.","volume":"23","author":"M Abduljalel","year":"2022","journal-title":"REDVET-Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Veterinaria."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Benzene: Relevance to Public Health.","DOI":"10.1177\/074823370001600306"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823-1837","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2021.1910010","article-title":"Exposure to benzene and toluene of gasoline station workers in Khon Kaen, Thailand and adverse effects.","volume":"27","author":"S Chaiklieng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110678","article-title":"Effects of benzene: hematological and hypersensitivity manifestations in resident living in oil refinery areas.","volume":"10","author":"R Cordiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333794X18789275","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X18789275","article-title":"Health Risks Associated With Benzene Exposure in Children: A Systematic Review. 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