{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:02:59Z","timestamp":1793383379343,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14061.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine Meharry Summer Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TL1TR002344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR002344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R21HL123666, 5T35HL007815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R21HL123666, 5T35HL007815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Introduction<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Postoperative delirium and pain are common complications in adults, and are difficult both to prevent and treat. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in surgical patients, and has been suggested to be a risk factor for postoperative delirium and pain. OSA also might impact pain perception, and alter pain medication requirements. This protocol describes an observational study, with the primary aim of testing whether OSA is an independent predictor of postoperative complications, focusing on (i) postoperative incident delirium and (ii) acute postoperative pain severity. We secondarily hypothesize that compliance with prescribed treatment for OSA (typically continuous positive airway pressure or CPAP) might decrease the risk of delirium and the severity of pain.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods and analysis<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : We will include data from patients who have been enrolled into three prospective studies: ENGAGES, PODCAST, and SATISFY-SOS. All participants underwent general anesthesia for a non-neurosurgical inpatient operation, and had a postoperative hospital stay of at least one day at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, from February 2013 to May 2018. \u00a0Patients included in this study have been assessed for postoperative delirium and pain severity as part of the parent studies. In the current study, determination of delirium diagnosis will be based on the Confusion Assessment Method, and the Visual Analogue Pain Scale will be used for pain severity. Data on OSA diagnosis, OSA risk and compliance with treatment will be obtained from the preoperative assessment record. Other variables that are candidate risk factors for delirium and pain will also be extracted from this record. We will use logistic regression to test whether OSA independently predicts postoperative delirium and linear regression to assess OSAs relationship to acute pain severity. We will conduct secondary analyses with subgroups to explore whether these relationships are modified by compliance with OSA treatment.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14061.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T06:45:05Z","timestamp":1529045105000},"page":"328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Obstructive sleep apnea as an independent predictor of postoperative delirium and pain: protocol for an observational study of a surgical cohort"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Strutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Arrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Kronzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbi","family":"Ben Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Haroutounian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Avidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47-112","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","article-title":"Pathophysiology of sleep apnea.","volume":"90","author":"J Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217-1239","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109080","article-title":"Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective.","volume":"165","author":"T Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006-1014","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342","article-title":"Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults.","volume":"177","author":"P Peppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967-973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-012-0785-0","article-title":"High prevalence of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea in the general population and methods for screening for representative controls.","volume":"17","author":"L Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349-364","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2.3.349","article-title":"Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective.","volume":"2","author":"W Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753-758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.08.007","article-title":"Prevalence of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea among adult surgical patients in an academic medical center.","volume":"10","author":"K Finkel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407-415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.10.018","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea screening and postoperative mortality in a large surgical cohort.","volume":"14","author":"E Lockhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676-683","DOI":"10.1381\/096089203322509228","article-title":"Obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders in patients evaluated for bariatric surgery.","volume":"13","author":"W Frey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Surg."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23-26","DOI":"10.1381\/096089204772787248","article-title":"Evidence supporting routine polysomnography before bariatric surgery.","volume":"14","author":"T O'Keeffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Surg."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922-927","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819c480a","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia and the practice of anesthesia.","volume":"110","author":"K Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463-469","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0463","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea-a Perioperative Risk Factor.","volume":"113","author":"P Fassbender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034-2041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043104","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death.","volume":"353","author":"H Yaggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378-1384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421901","article-title":"Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension.","volume":"342","author":"P Peppard","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66-72","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0097","article-title":"OSA is common and independently associated with hypertension and increased arterial stiffness in consecutive perimenopausal women.","volume":"146","author":"R Pedrosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004500","article-title":"Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in a Community Cohort of Men and Women.","volume":"6","author":"P Tung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945-952","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0229","article-title":"Severity of OSA is an independent predictor of incident atrial fibrillation hospitalization in a large sleep-clinic cohort.","volume":"148","author":"G Cadby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166-173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-011-0135-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea as a potential risk factor for aortic disease.","volume":"27","author":"H Saruhara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Vessels."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265-270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-011-0149-x","article-title":"Aortic dissection is associated with intermittent hypoxia and re-oxygenation.","volume":"27","author":"R Naito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Vessels."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491-496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.07.010","article-title":"Undiagnosed and comorbid disorders in patients with presumed chronic fatigue syndrome.","volume":"75","author":"A Mariman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847-861","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0614","article-title":"OSA and pulmonary hypertension: time for a new look.","volume":"147","author":"K Ismail","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315-320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-013-0167-3","article-title":"Sleep apnea, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension.","volume":"10","author":"S Javaheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235-240","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200809-1392OC","article-title":"Alterations in Glucose Disposal in Sleep-disordered Breathing.","volume":"179","author":"N Punjabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067-1073","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4814","article-title":"Increased Carbonic Anhydrase Activity is Associated with Sleep Apnea Severity and Related Hypoxemia.","volume":"38","author":"T Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257-1267","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2082","article-title":"Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia during wakefulness and sleep in obese adolescents with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.","volume":"35","author":"H Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134-140","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000265","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, pain, and opioids: is the riddle solved?","volume":"29","author":"K Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199-207","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.1784","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and perioperative complications: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"8","author":"T Vasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897-905","DOI":"10.4065\/76.9.897","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing hip or knee replacement: a case-control study.","volume":"76","author":"R Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436-441","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0283","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.","volume":"141","author":"R Kaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128-1134","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1488","article-title":"Association of sleep-disordered breathing with postoperative complications.","volume":"133","author":"D Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-30","first-page":"683-689","article-title":"Incremental risk of obstructive sleep apnea on cardiac surgical outcomes.","volume":"47","author":"R Kaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819-828","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-009-9190-y","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective matched cohort study.","volume":"56","author":"P Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136-141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.05.029","article-title":"Activation of the prostaglandin system in response to sleep loss in healthy humans: potential mediator of increased spontaneous pain.","volume":"145","author":"M Haack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497-506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.01.028","article-title":"Sleep onset insomnia symptoms during hospitalization for major burn injury predict chronic pain.","volume":"138","author":"M Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145-151","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.2.145","article-title":"Sleep loss and REM sleep loss are hyperalgesic.","volume":"29","author":"T Roehrs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0164-8","article-title":"Concordance between DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for delirium diagnosis in a pooled database of 768 prospectively evaluated patients using the delirium rating scale-revised-98.","volume":"12","author":"D Meagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref-36","first-page":"448-456","article-title":"Postoperative delirium.","volume":"77","author":"E Whitlock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157-1165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052321","article-title":"Delirium in older persons.","volume":"354","author":"S Inouye","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705-711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.07.006","article-title":"Consequences of delirium after cardiac operations.","volume":"93","author":"S Koster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21-8","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10062","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for postoperative delirium among older patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.","volume":"103","author":"A Scholz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Surg."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788-796","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31824b94fc","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and incidence of postoperative delirium after elective knee replacement in the nondemented elderly.","volume":"116","author":"B Flink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15-20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.03.033","article-title":"Delirium after cardiac surgery: have we overlooked obstructive sleep apnea?","volume":"81","author":"A Mirrakhimov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-47","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53839-0.00003-X","article-title":"Involvement of cytokines in slow wave sleep.","volume":"193","author":"J Krueger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318-324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.06.002","article-title":"Effect of one night of sleep loss on changes in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels in healthy men.","volume":"56","author":"M Chennaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408-3416","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786549281","article-title":"The role of cytokines in sleep regulation.","volume":"14","author":"J Krueger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189-5194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3338-07.2008","article-title":"Cytokine mechanisms of central sensitization: distinct and overlapping role of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in regulating synaptic and neuronal activity in the superficial spinal cord.","volume":"28","author":"Y Kawasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756-1762","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.16.1756","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation.","volume":"166","author":"M Irwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119-2126","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031562","article-title":"Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines.","volume":"89","author":"A Vgontzas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267-1276","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2234","article-title":"Interactions between the immune and nervous systems in pain.","volume":"16","author":"K Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494-505","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.4.494","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation on pain inhibition and spontaneous pain in women.","volume":"30","author":"M Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687-1691","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1436","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure in severe obstructive sleep apnea reduces pain sensitivity.","volume":"34","author":"I Khalid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054807","article-title":"Experimental pain and opioid analgesia in volunteers at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea.","volume":"8","author":"A Doufas","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665-669","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200610000-00009","article-title":"Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates.","volume":"105","author":"K Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005651","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005651","article-title":"The Prevention of Delirium and Complications Associated with Surgical Treatments (PODCAST) study: protocol for an international multicentre randomised controlled trial.","volume":"4","author":"M Avidan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011505","article-title":"Protocol for the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) study: a pragmatic, randomised clinical trial.","volume":"6","author":"T Wildes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495-504","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001217","article-title":"Methodologic Considerations for Collecting Patient-reported Outcomes from Unselected Surgical Patients.","volume":"125","author":"D Helsten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011570","article-title":"Ability of preoperative falls to predict postsurgical outcomes in non-selected patients undergoing elective surgery at an academic medical centre: protocol for a prospective cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"V Kronzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8758.1","article-title":"Assessing change in patient-reported quality of life after elective surgery: protocol for an observational comparison study [version 1; referees: 2 approved].","volume":"5","author":"V Kronzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33-48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zefq.2016.07.010","article-title":"[The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement].","volume":"115\u2013116","author":"E Benchimol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495-1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"12","author":"E von Elm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001711","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001711","article-title":"Observational studies: getting clear about transparency.","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554-561","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0865","article-title":"3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study.","volume":"161","author":"E Marcantonio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134-139","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510260066030","article-title":"A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery.","volume":"271","author":"E Marcantonio","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370-1379","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","article-title":"Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).","volume":"29","author":"E Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S240-52","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20543","article-title":"Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP).","volume":"63 Suppl 11","author":"G Hawker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399-2404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.005","article-title":"Validity of four pain intensity rating scales.","volume":"152","author":"M Ferreira-Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543-1563","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318187c83a","article-title":"A systemic review of obstructive sleep apnea and its implications for anesthesiologists.","volume":"107","author":"S Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377-381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.","volume":"42","author":"P Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165-1175.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.035","article-title":"Bias Factor and Therapeutic Window Correlate to Predict Safer Opioid Analgesics.","volume":"171","author":"C Schmid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T16:06:56Z","timestamp":1544112416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.14061.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.16543.r35114","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.16543.r35114","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.15295.r32028, Frances Chung, Jean Wong, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, 29 Mar 2018, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v1#referee-response-32028","order":0,"name":"referee-response-32028","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Patricia Strutz<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 04 Jun 2018<\/i>; \n<i>Thank you, Dr. Wong and Dr. Chung, for your feedback on our study protocol.&nbsp; We sincerely appreciate your time and thoughtful suggestions.&nbsp; Along with submitting our revised protocol, we would like to directly address some suggestions.&nbsp; We will be including type of surgery as an independent variable in our regression models, and we will also be adjusting our analysis for a history of chronic pain.&nbsp; We agree with your suggestion to report hospital CPAP use.&nbsp; Unfortunately, we do not have that information available to us and are unable to provide a more robust measure of CPAP adherence- a limitation we would discuss in our manuscript. Again, thank you for your time.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/i>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2#referee-comment-3704","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-3704","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.16543.r35114, Matthias Eikermann, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 29 Jun 2018, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-328\/v2#referee-response-35114","order":2,"name":"referee-response-35114","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Center For Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number TL1TR002344.  The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. This research was also supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH under Award Numbers 5R21HL123666 and 5T35HL007815, as well as the 2017-Washington University School of Medicine Meharry Summer Research Program, Stipend Name: Lilly. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}