{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:05:30Z","timestamp":1788998730832,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.142871.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Motorcycle accidents can be particularly hazardous, as riders are exposed to various risk factors, such as high speeds, lack of protective enclosures, and limited safety features. Aim of the study To describe the ocular injuries associated with motorcycled accidents presented to tertiary hospitals and forensic centers in Iraq. Patients and methods The study was conducted in three Teaching hospitals and forensic centers in Baghdad and Al-Qadisiyah in Iraq. Information regarding ocular injuries, recorded and classified according to the International Ocular Trauma Classification, was gathered from motorcycle crash injuries that were presented to the emergency departments of these facilities from June 1, 2019, to June 1, 2023 Results The study involved 335 ophthalmological accidents; the mean age of the patients was 27.84\u00b1 9.6 years, most of them were males (96.7%), and there were only 11 females as passengers, 39 (11.6%) had injuries in both eyes. Lesions involving the periorbita, lids, and conjunctiva comprised most of the findings. There were 60.9% of patients with lid lacerations with or without sub-conjunctival bleeding, 22.1% with corneoscleral injury, and 17.9% with commotio retinae. It was the leading cause of decreased visual acuity, with 9% having lens capsule damage with or without iris prolapse and 8.1% having a ruptured capsule, 55.82% of patients had a mild injury, 27.16% had a moderate injury, and 17.01% had a severe injury. Conclusion Eye injury associated with motorcycle accidents mainly affects males in their youth age and has serious outcomes, sometimes ending with blindness.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.142871.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T12:00:09Z","timestamp":1725019209000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Presentations and Incidence of Ocular Injuries Caused by Motorcycle Accidents in Iraq"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zainab A.","family":"Hashim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan K.","family":"Mohammed\u200e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan Y.","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9970-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder A","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475-478","DOI":"10.4314\/njm.v19i4.61980","article-title":"Lower limb injuries arising from motorcycle crashes.","volume":"19","author":"J Kortor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Niger J Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233148","article-title":"Traumatic avulsion of the globe with optic nerve transection: an unusual presentation.","volume":"13","author":"S Meena","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3457-3479","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S387034","article-title":"Motorcycle-Associated Ocular Injuries: A Narrative Review.","volume":"16","author":"E Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/0331-3131.108126","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and compliance with safety protective devices among commercial motorcyclists in Tudun-Wada Zaria, North-Western Nigeria.","volume":"6","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Niger Med."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149-151","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220202803230036","article-title":"SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT VICTIMS IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM OF A HOSPITAL (PART 2).","volume":"28","author":"C Bittar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ortop Bras."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931-941","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2013047004227","article-title":"Mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta no Brasil: an\u00e1lise de tend\u00eancia temporal, 1996-2009.","volume":"47","author":"E Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422-424","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2014.250120142","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of ocular trauma among the road traffic accident cases attending a tertiary care hospital in Tripura.","volume":"3","author":"J Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Impact mechanisms of helmet protected heads in motorcycle accidents-accidental study of COST 327. 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This is an important study that touches on a major public health concern, ocular injuries. However,&nbsp; the study needs to be revised and additional information added to it to make it complete. For example, the background of the study needs to be revised to improve on its readability. I have provided details in track changes which can be viewed in the file linked  \n<b>Reviewer Notes from Tracked file -&nbsp;<\/b> 1\/ The reference needs to be counterchecked. The authors talk of the American Academy of Ophthalmology that has an annual occurrence of 2.5 million eye injuries. However, the references appear to be from other sources, not the academy. Kindly countercheck and update appropriately. \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> Reference 3 was counterchecked, and it was inappropriately placed; below is the correct reference: American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Society of Ocular Trauma, United States Eye Injury Registry summary report, 1998\u20132002. Available at: http:\/\/www\u200b.aao.org\/newsroom\u200b\/guide\/upload\u200b\/Eye-Injuries-BkgrnderLongVersFinal-l\u200b.pdf  \n<b>Reviewer Notes from Tracked file -&nbsp;<\/b> 2\/ Also consider revising the sentence. Do the authors mean , for example, or could consider this kind of wordings: \u201c According to the America Academy of Ophthalmology, a total of 2.5 million eye injuries are reported\/occur in USA annually, with 50,000 individuals experiencing either partial or complete loss of vision\u201d (American Academy of Ophthalmology Report, 20..) \n<i><b>Author response<\/b><\/i> We agree with the reviewer; the entire sentence lacks clarity; as such, we rephrase it to the following: According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2.5 million eye injuries are reported\/occur in the USA annually, with 50,000 individuals experiencing either partial or complete loss of vision.  \n<b>Reviewer Notes fromTracked file -&nbsp;<\/b> 3\/Regarding the number of previous studies on motorcycle accidents in Iraq, \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> This is the first study to examine motorcycle ocular injury in Iraq; as such, no previous study can be reported. We used estimated facts from developing countries to reflect the numbers.  \n<b>Reviewer Comments -<\/b>&nbsp; 4\/ The Section on Methods&nbsp; needs to be reexamined. For example, the authors should make it clear to readers, who may not be familiar with the study settings, sufficient geographical to introduce&nbsp; the study sites. Many readers may not be familiar with&nbsp; Iraq or the teaching hospitals and forensic centers. Equally important is to add the reasons why the teaching hospitals and forensic centers were chosen. (I have included an example of a study that has shown how to do this in a reference indicated in track changes). \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> We agree with the review suggestion; we included more details regarding the requested information as mentioned below: 2.1 Study design This study presented motorcycle accident injuries patients to the Emergency Department from June 1, 2019, to June 1, 2023. After admission, patients were screened to identify the motorcycle injuries that presented ocular trauma; for those identified to have ocular trauma, written consent was sought and obtained from the patients to participate in the study. Information was obtained from the injured patients, whether they were stable enough or from those who accompanied them for care. Written consent was obtained from the patients if they were over 18 years old or from their caregivers after providing an adequate explanation of the aims and methods of the study. Further information was gathered on the age, sex, laterality, type of ocular injury, ocular findings, lesion severity, and visual acuity. The information regarding ocular injuries was classified and recorded according to the International Ocular Trauma Classification \n<sup>20<\/sup>. Previous studies have used this classification and scoring method to classify ocular traumas according to visual acuity, pupillary light response, zone, and type of injury. 2.2 Study settings According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Iraq's healthcare system has 2,652 facilities, of which 61 are teaching hospitals. This study was conducted in two governorates (Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, and Al-Qadisiyah), a total of three teaching hospitals: Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Hospital (in Baghdad), Al-Nauman Teaching Hospital\u200e (in Baghdad), and Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital (in Al-Diwaniyah), and the three forensic centers associated with these hospitals. Patients were interviewed initially in the emergency department; if the ocular trauma related to motorcycle injuries were confirmed, the patient would be transferred to the ophthalmology department when the patient was managed and interviewed for the study. Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Hospital is Iraq's primary and largest ophthalmology hospital. This hospital only receives patients with ophthalmological conditions. It has a large inpatient capacity (200 beds) and many operating rooms (16 Operating Rooms) for various ophthalmic procedures. Al-Nauman Teaching Hospital is one of the largest teaching hospitals in Baghdad, and it contains various departments, including emergency and ophthalmology departments. Finally, Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital is the largest teaching hospital in the Al-Diwaniyah governorate, with large emergency and ophthalmology departments.  \n<b>Reviewer Comments -<\/b>&nbsp; 5\/ It should also be made clear where exactly the study participants were gotten, were they Emergency Departments?&nbsp; The authors should consider revising the findings and present them according to conventions of reporting scientific findings. The findings reported in this study started presenting ages and sex. It would be important for the readers to know the denominator, the total number of participants&nbsp; then proceed to present the distribution different categories . \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> The answer to this question is provided in the previous question.  \n<b>Reviewer Comments -<\/b>&nbsp; 6\/ The authors should strive to improve the discussion section by focusing the discussion on how the major findings of the study relates with other findings in previous studies. This has not been adequately achieved. The public health&nbsp; implication of the study findings and the implication of the findings to practice and policy should be addressed where possible. Consider also revising the study limitations and draw three or four from study design, settings or data collection instruments. The work is a good effort but it can still be improved. \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> We improved both the results and the discussion accordingly. Abstract The study was conducted in three Teaching hospitals and forensic centers in Baghdad and Al-Qadisiyah in Iraq. Information regarding ocular injuries, recorded and classified according to the International Ocular Trauma Classification, was gathered from motorcycle crash injuries that were presented to the emergency departments of these facilities from June 1, 2019, to June 1, 2023. Results During the four years of the study, 6,243 patients presented with motorcycle injuries in the three Teaching hospitals and their forensic centers. Of those (5.37%), 335 patients were identified to have ocular trauma from the road crash. Table 1 presents the characteristics of motorcycle crash cases with ocular trauma. The ages of those with ocular trauma ranged from 10 to 67 years old, with a mean age of \u200e27.84&plusmn; 9.6\u200e years. Most of them were 324 (96.7%) males, with a male-to-female ratio of 29 to 1, and there were only 11 females as passengers; 39 (11.6%) \u200ehad injuries in both eyes\u200e, as shown in Table 1. Regarding the type of eye lesions during their presentation, there were 60.9% of patients with lid laceration with or without sub-conjunctival hemorrhage, \u200e\u200e22.1% with corneoscleral injury, 17.9% with commotio retinae, and it was the leading cause \u200eof decreased visual acuity, 9% with lens capsule damage with or without iris prolapse, and 8.1% with \u200eruptured capsule, as shown in Table 2.\u200e  \n<b>Reviewer Comments -<\/b> 7\/ I have also taken an effort to be more clear by adding proposed suggestions in track changes. If this is required Ill provide it. I think it has captured lots of details as well. \n<b><i>Author response<\/i><\/b> I appreciate your help; your notes and corrections improved the work, and we changed the article accordingly.  Best regards","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-183\/v2#referee-comment-12236","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-12236","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.170553.r319026, Debapriya Mukhopadhyay, Debapriya Mukhopadhyay Vision Research Institute, Kolkata, 16 Sep 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-183\/v2#referee-response-319026","order":2,"name":"referee-response-319026","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.170553.r373593, Najah Mohammad, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 02 Apr 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-183\/v2#referee-response-373593","order":3,"name":"referee-response-373593","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}