{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:38Z","timestamp":1772168918765,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.148225.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000}}],"reference-count":24,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWA.1292.19.354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1292.19.354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Background Prosthetic joint infection is a serious complication that can arise after total joint replacement surgery. When bacteria colonise an orthopaedic implant, they form biofilms that protect them from their environment, making them difficult to remove. Treatment is further complicated by a global rise of antimicrobial resistance. These protective mechanisms make treatment of prosthetic joint infection increasingly complex. Non-contact induction heating is an upcoming technology that uses heat to eradicate bacteria that are present on the surface of metallic implants. This study aims to provide insight into the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating on metallic implants that are in direct contact with other biomaterials, such as coatings composed of hydroxyapatite and bone cement composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods Characterisation of hydroxyapatite coatings and adhesion strength tests were conducted according to standards set by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 13779-2). The fixation strength of acrylic bone cement was tested according to an adapted method from ISO. Results It was found that non-contact induction heating did not significantly affect the adhesion strength of hydroxyapatite coatings. In contrast to hydroxyapatite coatings, acrylic bone cement softened temporarily as the temperature exceeded the glass transition temperature (83.38 \u00b1 10.88\u00b0C). However, the induction heating temperature had no significant effect on the fixation strength after the cement was allowed to cool down. Conclusion This study shows the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating up to 80\u00b0C when bone cement or ceramic coatings are present in contact with infected metallic implants.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.148225.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1729594844000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of non-contact induction heating on HA coatings and bone cement, an ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kamphof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dr. Giuseppe","family":"Cama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Mesman-Vergeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dr. Rob","family":"G.H.H. Nelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5351-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dr. Bart","family":"G.C.W. Pijls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353-358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.035","article-title":"Microbiologic epidemiology depending on time to occurrence of prosthetic joint infection: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"25","author":"C Triffault-Fillit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124-132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Total hip arthroplasty revision due to infection: A cost analysis approach.","volume":"96","author":"S Klouche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305-310.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.07.081","article-title":"Success Rates of Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention in 230 Infected Total Knee Arthroplasties: Implications for Classification of Periprosthetic Joint Infection.","volume":"36","author":"M Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629-655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.","volume":"399","author":"C Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609-619","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.711.BJR-2018-0080.R1","article-title":"Segmental induction heating of orthopaedic metal implants.","volume":"7","author":"B Pijls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7514-7520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07321-6","article-title":"Employing high-frequency alternating magnetic fields for the non-invasive treatment of prosthetic joint infections.","volume":"7","author":"R Chopra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192-199","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.94.BJR-2019-0274.R1","article-title":"Induction heating for eradicating Staphylococcus epidermidis from biofilm.","volume":"9","author":"B Pijls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629-638","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.119.BJR-2022-0010.R1","article-title":"Effectiveness of mechanical cleaning, antibiotics, and induction heating on eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in mature biofilms.","volume":"11","author":"B Pijls","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130-136","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1710269","article-title":"Synergy between induction heating, antibiotics, and N-acetylcysteine eradicates Staphylococcus aureus from biofilm.","volume":"37","author":"B Pijls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232378-e0232313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232378","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite-coated implants provide better fixation in total knee arthroplasty. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"15","author":"T Horv\u00e1th","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29-39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2004.06.011","article-title":"Acrylic bone cements: Mechanical and physical properties.","volume":"36","author":"K Kuehn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413-418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(06)80041-0","article-title":"Effect of an ultrasonic device on temperatures generated in bone and on bone-cement structure.","volume":"8","author":"A Brooks","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-10","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1145210","article-title":"Influence of surface characteristics of implant materials on MRSA biofilm formation and effects of antimicrobial treatment.","volume":"14","author":"S Dun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"ISO 13779-2 - Implants for Surgery - Hydroxyapatite - Part 2: Thermally Sprayed Coatings of Hydroxyapatite.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"ISO 13779-3 - Implants for Surgery - Hydroxyapatite - Part 3: Chemical Analysis and Characterization of Crystallinity Ratio and Phase Purity.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573-1580","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576715014685","article-title":"Profex: A graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN.","volume":"48","author":"N Doebelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323-330","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.65.BJR-2016-0308.R1","article-title":"Non-contact electromagnetic induction heating for eradicating bacteria and yeasts on biomaterials and possible relevance to orthopaedic implant infections: in vitro findings.","volume":"6","author":"B Pijls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Jt Res."},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"ISO 13779-4 - Implants for Surgery - Hydroxyapatite - Part 4: Determination of Coating Adhesion Strength.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Online LROI Annual Report 2023.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33-38","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.001110","article-title":"Timing of femoral prosthesis insertion during cemented arthroplasty: Cement curing and static mechanical strength in an in vivo model.","volume":"54","author":"S Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Supplementary data - Effect of non-contact induction heating on HA coatings and bone cement: an ex vivo study.","author":"R Kamphof","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/C1AWLO"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444-449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00738.x","article-title":"An alternative chemical route for the synthesis and thermal stability of chemically enriched hydroxyapatite.","volume":"89","author":"D Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125-1130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-017-1941-9","article-title":"Thermomechanical method for cement extraction in revision arthroplasty.","volume":"27","author":"M Ghanem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-13","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020314","article-title":"Influence of the titanium implant surface treatment on the surface roughness and chemical composition.","volume":"13","author":"A Nicolas-Silvente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T23:00:18Z","timestamp":1737586818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.148225.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.148225.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r333817","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r357657","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r333817","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r357657","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.162511.r298322, Govinda Kapusetti, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, 27 Aug 2024, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v1#referee-response-298322","order":0,"name":"referee-response-298322","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Robert Kamphof<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 27 Aug 2024<\/i>; Dear reviewer,  I would like to thank you for reading our article and for providing your suggestions for improvement. Let us respond to your feedback on a point-by-point basis.  \n<b>1.<\/b> This is correct. Our study has indeed found that HA coatings maintain their mechanical stability when heated up to 100&deg;C using NCIH. \n<b>2.<\/b>This is also correct. The glass transition temperature is a transition point where a polymer transforms from a solid and brittle \u2018glassy\u2019 state to a soft and malleable \u2018rubbery\u2019 state. The value of the glass transition temperature is dependent both on the chemical composition of the polymer as well as its chain length. \n<b>3.<\/b> My apologies, but we cannot find the section in the manuscript where we write that PMMA is more thermally stable than HA. Could you point us towards the relevant section, so we can revise it? We would like to amend that section to avoid confusion. \n<b>4.<\/b> We do not believe that there is an added value in performing experiments at higher temperatures for this study, as the maximum temperature of NCIH is constrained because to 100&deg;C of its intended use in a biological (i.e., aqueous) environment. Having said that, we think more fundamental research on the thermal properties of HA and PMMA, such as TG\/DSC analysis, would be interesting and insightful. \n<b>5-7<\/b>. Thank you for your suggestions for further research. While we consider these suggestions very interesting, and we would like to see these questions answered in the future, we consider them to be outside the scope of our current study. We intended to answer the research question: \u2018does NCIH of Ti6Al4V weaken the fixation of HA coatings or PMMA bone cement?\u2019. We hope you agree with our assessment. \n<b>8.<\/b> Thank you for your praise. We used a thermal camera to follow the temperature changes of the HA coated Ti6Al4V cylinder and we can confirm that no hotspots formed during heating, and that heating &nbsp;was uniform across the circular surface of the cylinder. The heating of Ti6Al4V coupons using NCIH was previously described in the paper: \u2018Induction heating for eradicating Staphylococcus epidermidis from biofilm\u2019 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2046-3758.94.BJR-2019-0274.R1). We intend to publish more research on NCIH, including more thermal images, in the near future. \n<b>9-10.<\/b> Thank you for your kind feedback. We hope that our research can help in developing NCIH technology further so it can be safely and effectively employed in a clinical setting. Thank you again for your kind feedback. I hope you consider all your questions and concerns fully addressed by this response. If you have any further questions, please let us know.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2#referee-comment-12314","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-12314","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r333817, Joeri Kok, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 02 Dec 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2#referee-response-333817","order":2,"name":"referee-response-333817","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.172963.r357657, Kimberly M. Brothers, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 23 Jan 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-443\/v2#referee-response-357657","order":3,"name":"referee-response-357657","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This publication is part of the project DARTBAC (with project number NWA.1292.19.354) of the research programme NWA-ORC which is (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}